User:Mr. Ibrahem/Sodium oxybate

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This page is about the medication. For information about its recreational use, see gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
Mr. Ibrahem/Sodium oxybate
Clinical data
Trade namesXyrem, Alcover, Somsanit, others[1]
Other namesγ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, NSC-84223, WY-3478
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa605032
License data
Addiction
liability		Extremely high[2]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intravenous
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S8 (Controlled drug)
  • CA: CDSA Schedule III/FDA Schedule G Part I
  • UK: CD POM (Schedule 2)
  • US: Schedule I but Schedule III when in an FDA-approved drug product
  • EU: Rx-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability88%[3]
Protein binding<1%[3]
Onset of actionWithin 30 min[4]
Elimination half-life0.5 to 1 hour.
ExcretionAlmost entirely by biotransformation to carbon dioxide, which is then eliminated by expiration
Identifiers
  • Sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC4H7NaO3
Molar mass126.087 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • [Na+].[O-]C(=O)CCCO
  • InChI=1S/C4H8O3.Na/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7;/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7);/q;+1/p-1 checkY
  • Key:XYGBKMMCQDZQOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Sodium oxybate, also known as γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), is a medication used to treat sudden muscle weakness and excessive daytime sleepiness seen in narcolepsy.[3] It may also be used for anesthesia, alcohol withdrawal, and opioid withdrawal.[5][4] It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.[9][5] Effects begin within 30 minutes.[4]

Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, sleepiness, and tremor.[6] Other side effects may include respiratory depression (insufficient breathing), misuse, seizures, and coma.[3] It should not be used with alcohol.[3] Use is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding.[10] It works via GABA receptors.[4]

Sodium oxybate was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002 and Europe in 2005.[6][8] Though it has been used since the 1960s for a number of conditions.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[9] In the United Kingdom 90 mg costs the NHS about £360 as of 2021.[9] This amount in the United States costs about 5,800 USD.[11] It is sold under the brand name Xyrem among others.[3] In Canada and United States it is classified as Schedule III, while in Europe it is a Schedule IV controlled substance.[12] It has also been used recreationally at raves.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "International brands for Sodium Oxybate -". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  2. ^ Fisher, Gary L.; Roget, Nancy A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery. SAGE. p. PT136. ISBN 978-1-4129-5084-8. Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Xyrem- sodium oxybate solution". DailyMed. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e M, Procyshyn, Ric; Z, Bezchlibnyk-Butler, Kalyna; Joel, Jeffries, J. (15 July 2021). Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs. Hogrefe Publishing. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-61676-593-4. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d "Critical review of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)" (PDF). 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2021-06-27.: 15, 27–28 
  6. ^ a b c "Sodium Oxybate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  7. ^ "Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Xyrem". Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  9. ^ a b c BNF (80 ed.). BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2020 – March 2021. p. 513. ISBN 978-0-85711-369-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  10. ^ "Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  11. ^ "Xyrem Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  12. ^ Wang YG, Swick TJ, Carter LP, Thorpy MJ, Benowitz NL (August 2009). "Safety overview of postmarketing and clinical experience of sodium oxybate (Xyrem): abuse, misuse, dependence, and diversion". Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 5 (4): 365–71. doi:10.5664/jcsm.27549. PMC 2725257. PMID 19968016.
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