User:Mr. Ibrahem/Panic attack
| Panic attack | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A depiction of someone experiencing a panic attack, being reassured by another person. | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| Symptoms | Periods of intense fear, palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness[1][2] |
| Complications | Self-harm, suicide[2] |
| Usual onset | Over minutes[2] |
| Duration | Seconds to hours[3] |
| Causes | Panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, drug use, depression, medical problems[2][4] |
| Risk factors | Smoking, psychological stress[2] |
| Diagnostic method | After other possible causes excluded[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, heart disease, lung disease, drug use[2] |
| Treatment | Counselling, medications[5] |
| Prognosis | Usually good[6] |
| Frequency | 3% (EU), 11% (US)[2] |
Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something bad is going to happen.[1][2] The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes.[2] Typically they last for about 30 minutes but the duration can vary from seconds to hours.[3] There may be a fear of losing control or chest pain.[2] Panic attacks themselves are not dangerous physically.[6][7]
Panic attacks can occur due to a number of disorders including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, drug use disorder, depression, and medical problems.[2][4] They can either be triggered or occur unexpectedly.[2] Smoking, caffeine, and psychological stress increase the risk of having a panic attack.[2] Before diagnosis, conditions that produce similar symptoms should be ruled out, such as hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, heart disease, lung disease, and drug use.[2]
Treatment of panic attacks should be directed at the underlying cause.[6] In those with frequent attacks, counselling or medications may be used.[5] Breathing training and muscle relaxation techniques may also help.[8] Those affected are at a higher risk of suicide.[2]
In Europe about 3% of the population has a panic attack in a given year while in the United States they affect about 11%.[2] They are more common in females than males.[2] They often begin during puberty or early adulthood.[2] Children and older people are less commonly affected.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Anxiety Disorders". NIMH. March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 214–217, ISBN 978-0890425558
- ^ a b Bandelow, Borwin; Domschke, Katharina; Baldwin, David (2013). Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia. OUP Oxford. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 9780191004261. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
- ^ a b Craske, MG; Stein, MB (24 June 2016). "Anxiety". Lancet. 388 (10063): 3048–3059. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6. PMID 27349358.
- ^ a b "Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms". NIMH. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ a b c Geddes, John; Price, Jonathan; McKnight, Rebecca (2012). Psychiatry. OUP Oxford. p. 298. ISBN 9780199233960. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016.
- ^ Ghadri, Jelena-Rima; et al. (June 7, 2018). "International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology" (PDF). European Heart Journal. 39 (22): 2032–2046. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076. PMC 5991216. PMID 29850871. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ Roth, WT (2010). "Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?". Depression and Anxiety. 27 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1002/da.20601. PMID 20049938.