User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hypothyroidism
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| Hypothyroidism | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Underactive thyroid, low thyroid, hypothyreosis |
 | |
| Molecular structure of thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes the symptoms of hypothyroidism | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Poor ability to tolerate cold, feeling tired, constipation, depression, weight gain[3] |
| Complications | During pregnancy can result in cretinism in the baby[4] |
| Usual onset | > 60 years old[3] |
| Causes | Iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's thyroiditis[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine)[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Depression, dementia, heart failure, chronic fatigue syndrome[5] |
| Prevention | Salt iodization[6] |
| Treatment | Levothyroxine[3] |
| Frequency | 0.3–0.4% (USA)[7] |
Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.[3] It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, a feeling of tiredness, constipation, slow heart rate, depression, and weight gain.[3] Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goiter.[3] Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby or congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.[4]
Worldwide, too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.[7][8] Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine.[3] Less common causes include previous treatment with radioactive iodine, injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, or previous thyroid surgery.[3][9] The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels.[3]
Salt iodization has prevented hypothyroidism in many populations.[6] Thyroid hormone replacement with levothyroxine treats hypothyroidism.[3] Medical professionals adjust the dose according to symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels.[3] Thyroid medication is safe in pregnancy.[3] Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine is important, too much may worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism.[3]
Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine-deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism.[10] In the United States, hypothyroidism occurs in 0.3–0.4% of people.[7] Subclinical hypothyroidism, a milder form of hypothyroidism characterized by normal thyroxine levels and an elevated TSH level, is thought to occur in 4.3–8.5% of people in the United States.[7] Hypothyroidism is more common in women than in men.[3] People over the age of 60 are more commonly affected.[3] Dogs are also known to develop hypothyroidism, as are cats and horses, albeit more rarely.[11] The word "hypothyroidism" is from Greek hypo- meaning reduced, thyreos for shield, and eidos for form.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ "hypothyroidism". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ "hypothyroidism - definition of hypothyroidism in English from the Oxford dictionary". OxfordDictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Hypothyroidism". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ a b Preedy, Victor (2009). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 616. ISBN 9780080920863. Archived from the original on 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
- ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter H. ISBN 978-0323076999.
- ^ a b Syed S (April 2015). "Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism". Pediatrics. 135 (4): 594–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3718. PMID 25825529.
- ^ a b c d Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA (December 2012). "Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association" (PDF). Thyroid. 22 (12): 1200–35. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0205. PMID 22954017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
- ^ Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B (2012). "Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities". Drug Design, Development and Therapy (Review). 6: 1–11. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S12894. PMC 3267517. PMID 22291465.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Persani L (September 2012). "Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (Review). 97 (9): 3068–78. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1616. PMID 22851492.
- ^ Cooper, DS; Braverman LE, eds. (2012-07-12). Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid : a fundamental and clinical text (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. p. 552. ISBN 978-1451120639. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20.
- ^ "Hypothyroidism". Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th edition (online version). 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
- ^ Mosby's Medical Dictionary (9 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. p. 887. ISBN 9780323112581. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.