User:Mr. Ibrahem/Abortion

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For other uses, see Abortion (disambiguation).
Mr. Ibrahem/Abortion
Video summary
Other namesInduced miscarriage, termination of pregnancy
SpecialtyObstetrics and gynecology
ICD-10-PCSO04
ICD-9-CM779.6
MeSHD000028
MedlinePlus007382

Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.[note 1] An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion" and occurs in approximately 30% to 50% of pregnancies.[1][2] When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion.[3][4] A similar procedure after the fetus has potential to survive outside the womb is known as a "late termination of pregnancy" or less accurately as a "late term abortion".[5]

When properly done, abortion is one of the safest procedures in medicine,[6]: 1  [7]: 1  but unsafe abortion is a major cause of maternal death, especially in the developing world.[8] Making safe abortion legal and accessible reduces maternal deaths.[9][10] It is safer than childbirth, which has a 14 times higher risk of death in the United States.[11] Modern methods use medication or surgery for abortions.[12] The drug mifepristone in combination with prostaglandin appears to be as safe and effective as surgery during the first and second trimester of pregnancy.[12][13] The most common surgical technique involves dilating the cervix and using a suction device.[14] Birth control, such as the pill or intrauterine devices, can be used immediately following abortion.[13] When performed legally and safely on a woman who desires it, induced abortions do not increase the risk of long-term mental or physical problems.[15] In contrast, unsafe abortions (those performed by unskilled individuals, with hazardous equipment, or in unsanitary facilities) cause 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital admissions each year.[15][16] The World Health Organization recommends safe and legal abortions be available to all women.[17]

Around 56 million abortions are performed each year in the world,[18] with about 45% done unsafely.[19] Abortion rates changed little between 2003 and 2008,[20] before which they decreased for at least two decades as access to family planning and birth control increased.[21] As of 2018, 37% of the world's women had access to legal abortions without limits as to reason.[22][23] Countries that permit abortions have different limits on how late in pregnancy abortion is allowed.[23]

Historically, abortions have been attempted using herbal medicines, sharp tools, forceful massage, or through other traditional methods.[24] Abortion laws and cultural or religious views of abortions are different around the world. In some areas abortion is legal only in specific cases such as rape, problems with the fetus, poverty, risk to a woman's health, or incest.[25] There is debate over the moral, ethical, and legal issues of abortion.[26][27] Those who oppose abortion often argue that an embryo or fetus is a human with a right to life, and they may compare abortion to murder.[28][29] Those who support the legality of abortion often hold that it is part of a woman's right to make decisions about her own body.[30] Others favor legal and accessible abortion as a public health measure.[31]

References[edit]

  1. ^ The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. pp. 438–439. ISBN 9781451148015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017.
  2. ^ "How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  3. ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com.
  4. ^ "Abortion (noun)". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018. [mass noun] The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy
  5. ^ Grimes, DA; Stuart, G (2010). "Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology". Contraception. 81 (2): 93–96. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005. PMID 20103443.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference lancet-grimes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ray2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "Preventing unsafe abortion". www.who.int. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  9. ^ Faúndes, Anibal; Shah, Iqbal H. (1 October 2015). "Evidence supporting broader access to safe legal abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. World Report on Women's Health 2015: The unfinished agenda of women's reproductive health. 131: S56–S59. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.03.018. ISSN 0020-7292. PMID 26433508.
  10. ^ Latt, Su Mon; Milner, Allison; Kavanagh, Anne (5 January 2019). "Abortion laws reform may reduce maternal mortality: an ecological study in 162 countries". BMC Women's Health. 19 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0705-y. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 6321671. PMID 30611257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Raymond, E.G.; Grimes, D.A. (2012). "The Comparative Safety of Legal Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 119 (2, Part 1): 215–19. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923. PMID 22270271.
  12. ^ a b Kulier, R; Kapp, N; Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Cheng, L; Campana, A (9 November 2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4. PMC 7144729. PMID 22071804. S2CID 205167182.
  13. ^ a b Kapp, N; Whyte, P; Tang, J; Jackson, E; Brahmi, D (September 2013). "A review of evidence for safe abortion care". Contraception. 88 (3): 350–63. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027. PMID 23261233.
  14. ^ "Abortion – Women's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  15. ^ a b Lohr, PA; Fjerstad, M; Desilva, U; Lyus, R (2014). "Abortion". BMJ. 348: f7553. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7553.
  16. ^ Shah, I; Ahman, E (December 2009). "Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 31 (12): 1149–58. doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34376-6. PMID 20085681. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011.
  17. ^ World Health Organization (2012). Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 8. ISBN 978-92-4-154843-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2015.
  18. ^ Sedgh, Gilda; Bearak, Jonathan; Singh, Susheela; Bankole, Akinrinola; Popinchalk, Anna; Ganatra, Bela; Rossier, Clémentine; Gerdts, Caitlin; Tunçalp, Özge; Johnson, Brooke Ronald; Johnston, Heidi Bart; Alkema, Leontine (May 2016). "Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends". The Lancet. 388 (10041): 258–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4. PMC 5498988. PMID 27179755.
  19. ^ "Worldwide, an estimated 25 million unsafe abortions occur each year". World Health Organization. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  20. ^ Sedgh, G.; Singh, S.; Shah, I.H.; Åhman, E.; Henshaw, S.K.; Bankole, A. (2012). "Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008" (PDF). The Lancet. 379 (9816): 625–32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. PMID 22264435. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO.
  21. ^ Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J (September 2007). "Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends". International Family Planning Perspectives. 33 (3): 106–16. doi:10.1363/3310607. PMID 17938093. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009.
  22. ^ "Induced Abortion Worldwide". Guttmacher Institute. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2020-02-21. Of the world's 1.64 billion women of reproductive age, 6% live where abortion is banned outright, and 37% live where it is allowed without restriction as to reason. Most women live in countries with laws that fall between these two extremes.
  23. ^ a b Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M (July 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 110: S13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003. PMID 20451196.
  24. ^ Paul, M; Lichtenberg, ES; Borgatta, L; Grimes, DA; Stubblefield, PG; Creinin, MD; Joffe, Carole (2009). "1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history" (PDF). Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy (1st ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1293-5. OL 15895486W. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012.
  25. ^ Boland, R.; Katzive, L. (2008). "Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007". International Family Planning Perspectives. 34 (3): 110–20. doi:10.1363/3411008. PMID 18957353. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  26. ^ Paola, Adolf; Walker, Robert; LaCivita, Lois (2010). Nixon, Frederick (ed.). Medical ethics and humanities. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-7637-6063-2. OL 13764930W. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017.
  27. ^ Johnstone, Megan-Jane (2009). Bioethics a nursing perspective. Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 24–30. ISBN 978-0-7295-7873-8. PMID 2129925. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Although abortion has been legal in many countries for several decades now, its moral permissibilities continues to be the subject of heated public debate. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Pastor Mark Driscoll (18 October 2013). "What do 55 million people have in common?". Fox News. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  29. ^ Hansen, Dale (18 March 2014). "Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure?". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  30. ^ Sifris, Ronli Noa (2013). Reproductive freedom, torture and international human rights: challenging the masculinisation of torture. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-135-11522-7. OCLC 869373168. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
  31. ^ Swett, C. (2007). Unsafe abortion : global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003 (5th ed.). World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-159612-1. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.


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