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The central panel of Duccio's "Maestà with Twenty Angels and Nineteen Saints" (1308-1311), Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Siena.

Gold Marilyn Monroe is a 1962 painting by Andy Warhol. Executed in silkscreen ink on synthetic polymer paint on canvas, the large painting depicts the famous actress Marilyn Monroe, who committed suicide earlier that year.

The image of Monroe comes from a publicity still for her 1953 movie Niagara.

In 1822, the British Romantic landscape painter JMW Turner created the large-scale oil painting The Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805. King George IV commissioned this work to be part of a series of works in St. James Palace to decorate three state reception rooms and link the Hanoverian dynasty with military success. This work was Turner’s only royal commission and was to stand as the pendant piece to Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg’s Battle of the First of June, 1794. This massive history painting measures about 8’7” x 12’1” and was given to Greenwich Hospital shortly after its original installation. The painting now hangs in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London.

History

This work depicts a scene from the Battle of Trafalgar, a naval battle fought between the British and Franco-Spanish fleet off Cape Trafalgar in southwest Spain. The British had twenty-seven ships to the thirty-three of the Franco-Spanish fleet. Despite this, the British came out as decisively victorious and captured or destroyed nineteen of the Franco-Spanish ships. Admiral Nelson, of the British Navy, took an unconventional approach to this battle and split his fleet into two lines, one led by his flagship Victory and the other by his subordinate Collingwood, to attack the Franco-Spanish fleet in columns perpendicular to their line. At the height of the battle Nelson was shot from a nearby French ship and mortally wounded. Despite this upsetting death, the victory at Trafalgar represented a crucial naval victory for the British. Their dominance effectively established them as the great naval power and ended Napoleon’s plans to conquer England. The significance of this battle for British history cannot be overstated. Afterwards, many citizens called for a government commissioned work of art depicting the battle. This reflected the role of the history painting and the artist by demonstrating the virtue of the hero, Lord Nelson, to the entire nation. The importance of Nelson and his tactics are referenced in Victory’s dominating position in the scene, the execution as a history painting, and Turner’s care in rendering all elements of the scene.

Role as a History Painting

A history painting is traditionally defined as a large-scale work depicting a scene from the bible, mythology, or classical history. Generally regarded as the height of artistic genres, Turner recognizes this and paints The Battle of Trafalgar as a history painting depicting a contemporary event and as a patchwork scene composed of different moments portrayed as being simultaneous. Turner knows the importance of this genre and employs it to further the significance of the contemporary scene. This action firmly cements the work as being of great national significance and affirms Britain as a great maritime imperial nation. In the pursuit of these ideals and significance, Turner took several moments from the battle, across several days, and merged them into one moment in one scene. This then represents Turner’s desire to take the battle and use it to create something of general, philosophical, and national significance. This aspect, along with the pyramidal composition reference triumph and sacrifice reaffirm this work’s place as a history painting, despite it not depicting one scene from ancient history, religion, or mythology.

Studies

The British were attempting to establish themselves as a major maritime power; with their victory in this battle they were successful and with this painting that becomes evident. Turner had a great deal of personal interest and investment in this work and with the history of the Battle of Trafalgar in general. Turner made several sketches immediately after the battle, careful studies of the ships and their rigging, and close details of the uniforms. The most notable of these early works was The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory. This work was well received and provided the foundation from which Turner would develop Trafalgar into a scene representing an overall account of the whole battle. This earlier depiction is closer to Turner’s style in that it leans away from traditional maritime paintings and more toward the ambiguity and sublime that Turner would later be known for. In preparation for Trafalgar Turner created two preparatory oil sketches, with the First Sketch for ‘The Battle of Trafalgar’ aligning its composition with the traditional maritime paintings. The Second Sketch for ‘The Battle of Trafalgar’ moves away from this traditional style and more closely resembles his final product with a more organized chaos via the build-up of clouds and people in the foreground. Despite this work being a commission, Turner chooses to depict the final work in a style that moves away from conventional practices and closer to his original work and personal style further indicating his personal connection with Trafalgar. While the subject of the piece is evident, there are elements of ambiguity suggesting the sublime, the dissolution of space via strokes of pure paint, and the symmetry between human and natural forces.

References

Warrell, Ian, ed. J.M.W. Turner. London: Tate Publishing, 2007.

Czisnik, Marianne. “Admiral Nelson’s Tactics at the Battle of Trafalgar.” History 89, no. 4 (October 2004): 549-559.

Costello, Leo. J.M.W. Turner and the Subject of History. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2012.

Quilley, Geoff. Empire to Nation: Art, History, and the Visualization of Maritime Britain 1768-1829. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.