Ii Naomasa

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In this Japanese name, the surname is Ii.
Ii Naomasa
井伊 直政
Head of Ii clan
In office
1582–1602
Preceded byIi Naotora
Succeeded byIi Naokatsu
Daimyō of Takasaki
In office
1590–1600
Succeeded bySakai Ietsugu
Daimyō of Sawayama
In office
1600–1600
Preceded byIshida Mitsunari
Daimyō of Hikone
In office
1600–1602
Preceded byIi Naotora
Succeeded byIi Naokatsu
Personal details
BornMarch 4, 1561
Tōtōmi Province, Japan
DiedMarch 24, 1602(1602-03-24) (aged 41)
Edo, Japan
SpouseTobai-in
Parent
Relatives
Military service
Allegiance Tokugawa clan
Eastern Army
Tokugawa shogunate
Unit Ii clan
Battles/wars

Ii Naomasa (井伊 直政, March 4, 1561 – March 24, 1602) was a general under the Sengoku period daimyō, and later shōgun, Tokugawa Ieyasu.[1] He led the clan after the death of Ii Naotora. He married Tobai-in, Matsudaira Yasuchika's daughter and adopted daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Ii Naomasa joined the ranks of the Tokugawa clan in the mid-1570s, rising swiftly through the ranks and became particularly famous after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, as he is recognized as one of the Four Guardians of the Tokugawa along with Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Tadatsugu.

Ii Naomasa then eventually become the master of a sizable holding in Ōmi Province, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.[1] His court title was Hyōbu-dayū.

Biography[edit]

Ii Naomasa was born in Hōda Village of Tōtōmi Province. His childhood name was Toramatsu (虎松),[citation needed] later Manchiyo (万千代).[2] His family, like the Tokugawa, had originally been retainers of the Imagawa clan, but following the death of the clan's leader, Imagawa Yoshimoto, in the Battle of Okehazama (1560), confusion and general chaos ensued. Naomasa's father, Ii Naochika, was falsely convicted of treason by Yoshimoto's paranoid successor, Imagawa Ujizane, and was subsequently killed.[citation needed]

Naomasa, then a very small child, escaped his danger. After many difficulties, Ii Naotora succeeded the Ii clan and become the guardian of Naomasa.[1] According to "Ii family biography, In 1574 Naomasa came to Ryutanji Temple for the 13th anniversary of Naochika's death. Then Naotora and Ryutanji Temple Chief Priest Nankei Zuimon, who also happen to be Naomasa's great uncle, consulted and tried to make Naomasa serve Tokugawa Ieyasu. First, in order to prevent Toramatsu from returning to Horai-ji Temple, Hiyo married Kiyokage Matsushita, a vassal of the Tokugawa clan, and adopted Toramatsu into the Matsushita clan.[3]

In 1575, Toramatsu was discovered by Ieyasu and allowed to return to the Ii clan, and changed his name to Machiyo. Furthermore, he was granted possession of Iinoya in Shizuoka, former territory of Ii clan, and was appointed as a page of Tokugawa Ieyasu after visiting him in Hamamatsu Castle.[3][1]

War against Takeda & Hōjō clan[edit]

In 1576, Naomasa fought for the first time in the battle against Takeda Katsuyori's forces at Shibahara (芝原) in Tōtōmi Province. Since then Naomasa has been seen alongside Ieyasu's Hatamoto vanguards, alongside Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa.[4] At the age of 18, Naomasa participated in the Tokugawa army attack on Tanaka castle which guarded by Takeda clan general named Ichijō Nobutatsu. In this battle, Naomasa fought together with Matsudaira Ietada, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Honda Tadakatsu as they all climbed to Tanaka castle wall and fighting Nobutatsu's soldiers.[5][6][7][8]

Later, Arthur Lindsay Sadler wrote that At the age of 19, Naomasa gained attention for his first notable performance in battle.[9] Later, at the age of 22, Naomasa perform another distinguishing military service against the Takeda clan, at Siege of Takatenjin in 1581.[10]

In 1582 March of the same year, according to the Meishō genkō-roku record, after the destruction of the Takeda clan in the Battle of Tenmokuzan, Ieyasu organized a kishōmon(blood oath) with many samurai clans that formerly were vassals of the Takeda clan assigned under the command of Tokugawa clan retainers.[11] Ieyasu Tokugawa planned to subduct the largest portions of former Takeda samurai under Naomasa's command, having consulted and reached agreement with Sakai Tadatsugu, a senior Tokugawa clan vassal. However, Ieyasu's decision garnered protest from Sakakibara Yasumasa, who went so far as to threaten Naomasa. Tadatsugu immediately defended the decision of Ieyasu in response and warned Yasumasa that if he did any harm to Naomasa, Tadatsugu would personally slaughter the Sakakibara clan; thus, Yasumasa heeded Tadatsugu and did not protest further.[12] Then Tokugawa decided assigned 70 members of former Takeda samurais from Tsuchiya clan under the command of Ii Naomasa.[13][14]

Later in June, after the Honnoji Incident, Naomasa accompanied Ieyasu on an arduous journey to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in Sakai and return to Mikawa. However, their journey was very dangerous due to the existence of "Ochimusha-gari" groups across the route.[15] [a] During this journey, Naomasa and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way through raids and harassment from Ochimusha-gari (Samurai hunter) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, and sometimes advancing by usage of gold and silver bribes given to some of the more amenable Ochimusha-gari groups.[18] As they reached Kada, an area between Kameyama town and Iga,[19] the attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki Jizamurai warriors who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki warriors then escorting the group while assisting them eliminating the threats of the Ochimusha-gari outlaws until they reached Iga Province, where they were further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa.[15] The Ietada nikki journal records that the escorts of Ieyasu killed some 200 outlaws during their journey from Osaka.[20][21]

in June-October 29, the Tenshō-Jingo War triangle occurred between three The Tokugawa clan, Hōjō clan, and Uesugi clan in a contest to gain control the area of Shinano Province, Ueno region, and Kai Province, which has been vacant since the destruction of Takeda clan and the death of Oda Nobunaga. After Ieyasu returned to Mikawa, he began to leading an army of 8,000 soldiers entering Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture), Shinano Province, and Ueno, to annex it. However, the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region also led an army of 55,000 men and crossed the Usui Pass to invade Shinano Province.[22] Ii Naomasa were recorded has participate in this war.[23] In the middle of this conflict, Naomasa further manage to recruit more samurais formerly served various Takeda generals such as Ichijō Nobutatsu, Yamagata Masakage, Masatsune Tsuchiya, and Hara Masatane with the help of former Takeda clan retainer named Kimata morikatsu who organize the contacts of those samurais with Naomasa.[24] Aside from military service, Naomasa played diplomatic role during this conflict as he received around 41 letters from many former Takeda clan's vassals to submit to Ieyasu.[25] In the final phase of this conflict, Naomasa participated in the battle of Kurokoma,[26] where the smaller Tokugawa army manage to defeat the much larger Hōjō armies, despite being reinforced by 10,000 soldiers by Satomi clan from Awa Province (Chiba).[27] The result of this battle, combined with the defection of Sanada Masayuki to the Tokugawa side has forced the Hōjō clan to negotiate truce with Ieyasu.[28] and The Hōjō clan then sent Hōjō Ujinobu as representative, while the Tokugawa sent Naomasa as representative.[29][30]

Campaign of Komaki-Nagakute[edit]

In 1584 on April 9th, during the Battle of Nagakute, Naomasa was entrusted to lead around 3,000 soldiers on the left wing of Tokugawa forces formation.[31][32] On the opposing side, Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi commands 3,000 and 2,000 soldiers respectively.[32] At around 10 a.m., Naomasa clashed against the troops of Tsuneoki. The battle lasted over two hours, as Naomasa units repeatedly foiled attempted charges towards his position by Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi troops with musket rifle barrages.[31][32], until Nagayoshi was shot and killed in action, causing the entire Tokugawa forces gained the upper hand amid chaos. Tsuneoki also killed by Nagai Naokatsu's spear and died in battle. Motosuke Ikeda was also killed by Naotsugu Ando. Meanwhile Ikeda Terumasa retreated from the battlefield. Eventually, the Tsuneoki and Mori forces were crushed, and the battle ended in victory for the Tokugawa force.[33][32] In this battle, Naomasa fought so valiantly that it elicited praise from Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was on the opposing side.

After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles: Kanie Castle, Maeda Castle, and Shimoichiba Castle.[34] The Kanie castle were defended by Maeda Nagatane and Takigawa Kazumasu. Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimoichiba castle.[35][36] On June 22, Nobukatsu and Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, While Naomasa, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Matsudaira Ietada deployed in reserve before entering the battle with Ieyasu himself.[37] On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued. [34]

Tokugawa-Toyotomi alliance & siege of Odawara[edit]

Following the peace negotiation between Ieyasu and Hideyoshi, Hideyoshi's mother was sent to stay with Naomasa in gentle captivity, cementing an alliance between the Tokugawa and the Toyotomi.[citation needed]

Osuga Yasutaka, senior Tokugawa general

In 1585, during the Tokugawa clan first siege of Ueda Castle against Sanada Masayuki, Ii Naomasa led a 5,000 soldiers reinforcement along with Osuga Yasutaka and Matsudaira Yasushige led reinforcement forces to cover the retreat of Tokugawa forces after they failed to pacify the castle due to hostile movements from Uesugi Kagekatsu.[38][39][40]

In 1586, according to "Sakakibara clan historical records", Ieyasu sent Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa as representatives to Kyoto, where three of them being regarded as "Tokugawa Sanketsu"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa).[41] Then in following month, the three of them joined by Sakai Tadatsugu to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them "became famous".[b]

In 1587, during the campaign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi against the Ikkō-ikki rebel armies, the Tokugawa clan involved in the battle of Tanaka castle in Fujieda, Shizuoka.[42]

In 1588, during a visit of Tokugawa clan to pay respect to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Naomasa were appointed to the rank of Jijū (equivalent of English Chamberlain office), and became the highest-ranking senior vassal in the Tokugawa family. This has made Naomasa outranks even the most senior Tokugawa officer such as Sakai Tadatsugu.[c]

in 1590 May, Naomasa participated in the Toyotomi forces during the campaign against the Hōjō clan. Later, as Minowa Castle surrendered without a fight, it was awarded to Ii Naomasa as castellan. Naomasa significantly expanded the castle and dug deep and wide dry moats and replaced earthen ramparts with stone walls along the main route into the castle. For the most part, this siege consisted of traditional starvation tactics. Only a few small skirmishes erupted around the castle, as when a group of miners from Kai Province dug under the castle walls, allowing men under Ii Naomasa to enter.[44]

After the surrender of the Hōjō clan, Ieyasu sent Naomasa and Sakakibara Yasumasa with 1,500 soldiers to witness the Seppuku suicide ritual procession of the defeated enemy generals, Hōjō Ujimasa and Hōjō Ujiteru.[45] As result of his meritorious service during this campaign, Naomasa were awarded with increase of domain stipends to 120,000 Koku.[46]

Suppressing rebellions in 1590-1[edit]

Later in October 28 of the same year, a massive rebellion against the Toyotomi government in Mutsu Province which incited by Hienuki Hirotada and Waga Yoshitada has broke out. In response, Hideyoshi sent a punitive expedition with 30,000 army in strength led by Ieyasu Tokugawa, Toyotomi Hidetsugu, Date Masamune, Ishida Mitsunari, Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Gamō Ujisato, Uesugi Kagekatsu, Satake Yoshishige, and Maeda Toshiie, in order to pacify those rebellions. Naomasa participated in this expedition brought in his "Red Demons" unit as vanguard of Tokugawa forces.[47]

Subsequently with Waga-Hienuki rebellion, Kunohe rebellion also broke out in March 13 1591. Thus causing the punitive expedition army to take measure of this development by splitting their forces as Ieyasu, Naomasa, Ujisato, and some commanders were now changing their focus to suppress Masazane's rebellion first.[48][49] During the operation against the Kunohe, Naomasa Ii became the vanguard with Nanbu Nobunao. As they advanced towards Kunohe castle, they faced a small forces of Kunohe rebels which easily defeated.[48] As they approached the Kunohe castle, Naomasa suggested to the other commanders to besiege the Kunohe's castle until they surrender, which met with agreement from them.[50] As the operation beint commenced, Naomasa became part of army who besieged Kunohe castle, where he and Asano Nagamasa deployed on the east side across the Nekobuchi River.[51] On 4 September, the rebels executed the prisoners inside the castle and committing mass suicide after setting fire which burned the castle for three days and three nights and killed all within.[52][48][47] After the Kunohe clan suppressed, Naomasa's detachment then rejoin the main expedition army with Mitsunari, Asano Nagamasa, and others to finish the operation of pacify Hienuki and Waga clan, as Naomasa marched across Mutsu and Dewa Province subduing the resistances and capturing castles from Waga and Hienuki's allies during his journey.

The rebellions finally being suppressed June 20 with Waga Yoshitada being slain in battle,[53] while Hienuki Hirotada sentenced to "Kaieki law" which stated that he and his clan's status and rights as samurai being stripped.[54]

Sekigahara campaign & its aftermath[edit]

In 1598 after Hideyoshi died, political strife occurred between Ieyasu with other Toyotomi clan's regents. Naomasa undertook political initiatives as he built a relationship with Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa and forming a pact. through the Kuroda clan, Naomasa successfully swayed the other military commanders to support the Tokugawa clan.[55] On the same year, Naomasa also built Takasaki Castle and relocated his seat there. Minowa Castle was abandoned and allowed to fall into ruin.[56]

In 1600, on the eve of Sekigahara battle, Ii Naomasa troops were reinforced with a detachment of Kugai Masatoshi, vassal of Tokugawa Hidetada who at that moment still busy in the Siege of Ueda castle.[57][58]

On August 21, The Eastern army alliance which sided with Ieyasu Tokugawa attacked Takegahana castle which defended by Oda Hidenobu, who sides with Mitsunari faction.[59] They split themselves into two groups, where 18,000 soldiers led by Ikeda Terumasa and Asano Yoshinaga went to the river crossing, while 16,000 soldiers led by Naomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Kyogoku Kochi, Kuroda Nagamasa, Katō Yoshiaki, Tōdō Takatora, Tanaka Yoshimasa, and Honda Tadakatsu went downstream at Ichinomiya.[60] The first group led by Terumasa crossed the Kiso River and engaged in a battle at Yoneno, causing the Hidenobu army routed. On the other hand, Takegahana castle were reinforced by a Western army faction's general named Sugiura Shigekatsu. The Eastern army led by Naomasa and Fukushima crossed the river and directly attacked Takegahana Castle at 9:00 AM on the August 22nd. Shigekatsu himself setting the castle on fire and committed suicide as a final act of defiance.[59]

On September 24, Ieyasu has demanded Naomasa to quickly pacify the Gifu castle, as they need to moving fast to rescue other feudal lords who sides with Ieyasu, such as Katō Sadayasu and Takenaka Shigekado, which position being besieged by Mitsunari's Western army.[d]

On September 29, Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu led their army to rendezvous with Ikeda Terumasa army, where they engaged Oda Hidenobu army in the Battle of Gifu Castle. In this battle, Hidenobu castle were deprived the expected support from Ishikawa Sadakiyo (石川貞清), who decided to not help the Western army in this war after he made an agreement with Naomasa. Hidenobu was prepared to commit seppuku, but was persuaded by Ikeda Terumasa and others to surrender to the eastern forces, and the Gifu Castle fell.[62][63]

Site of Matsudaira Tadayoshi and Ii Naomasa's Positions in the Sekigahara battle.

On October 21st, in the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa give a notable performance where his unit outpaced those of other generals such as Fukushima Masanori, drawing the "first blood", where Naomasa led 30 spearmens from center of formation charging the ranks of western army, followed by Masanori units who started clashing against Ukita Hideie units.[64] However, modern historian viewed that the act of Naomoasa were due to the confusions of both sides as there was heavy fogs covering the battlefield, causing him to unintentionally started the first clash against the enemy and breaking Ieyasu's order to let Masanori doing the first move in this battle.[65] As the battle entered the final phase, Naomasa turned his attention towards Shimazu troops.[66] However, Naomasa was shot and wounded by a stray bullet during his attempt to chase In his pursuit against Shimazu Yoshihiro. In the end, Naomasa lost his trails from chasing Yoshihiro, although in the process his troops also manage to kill Yoshihiro nephew named Shimazu Toyohisa.[67][68]

After the Sekigahara battle, Naomasa asking to seek pardon towards Ieyasu for Sanada Masayuki and Sanada Yukimura at the behest of Sanada Nobuyuki.[69] Naomasa also has his fief also increased from 60,000 koku into 180,000 koku.[70] Naomasa complained this to Nagai Naokatsu, as he consider it small compared to Ikeda Terumasa who received 520,000 Koku.[71] It is recorded by Arthur Lindsay Sadler that Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu expressed dissatisfaction of their rewards to Ieyasu.[71]

Hikone castle which under control of Ii clan since Ii Naomasa

Several months after the battle in Sekigahara, Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Yamauchi Kazutoyo pacifying rebellion in Tosa Domain against retainers of Chōsokabe clan, the Ichiryo Gusoku peasant army.[72] The wound which suffered by Naomasa in Sekigahara also prevented his personal involvement in quelling the last vestiges of the anti-Tokugawa faction in the aftermath of Sekigahara engagement.[1] Naomasa sent his vassal, Suzuki Hyōe, with force as strong as 8 ships to help Kazutoyo, which finally pacified the area in 5 weeks, after killing about 273 enemies.[73] The 273 dead rebels heads were decapitated and sent to Ii Naomasa.[74]

In 1601, Naomasa appointed to take control to Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province, the former territory of Ishida Mitsunari,[75][3][76] However, as the castle were viewed as unstrategic in location, Naomasa ordered the castle building along with its structures dismantled, while transferring its materials instead to Kohei castle, another castle which controlled by Naomasa.[77][e]

Death[edit]

Ii Naomasa's premature death in 1602 has been widely blamed on the wound he received at Sekigahara. Naomasa was highly regarded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, so it is no surprise that his sons Naotsugu and Naotaka succeeded him in his service and title. However, Naotsugu managed to anger Ieyasu by refusing to take part in his campaign to reduce the Toyotomi clan stronghold at Osaka.

Personal Information[edit]

Ii Naomasa Armor at Hikone Castle

Based on the elegy Confucian scholar Oze Hoan [ja] (1564–1640), in his biographical work Taikōki, Ii Naomasa is implied has beautiful face(Bishōnen), which impressed the mother of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, during Naomasa's stay in Kyoto.[79] The "Clan records" chronicles from Edo period also stated that during the battle of Komaki-Nagakute, Naomasa were described as "beautiful and small physical stature". However, despite his unintimidating built, Naomasa fought ferociously in the Battlefield and wearing distinguishable red Armor and helmet with long horns, which rendered him a nickname 'Aka-oni'(red demon).[80]

It has also been rumored, although never confirmed, that Naomasa would sometimes wear a "monkey mask" into battle, including at Sekigahara.[citation needed]

Naomasa also known for his political astuteness, which enable him to command respect when he was tasked to lead the garrison of Minowa Castle.[81]

An anecdote from Sakakibara clan historical records has stated that among Ieyasu generals, Honda Tadakatsu excelled in bravery and Sakakibara Yasumasa excelled in leadership, while Ii Naomasa possessed both qualities.[82]

Naomasa were known as brutal disciplinarian, as he possess violent temper and easily punishes his subordinates for slightest mistakes, earning him the nickname of Hitokiri Hyōbu(Hyōbu the Manslayer/mass-murdering minister).[83] Naomasa personality even caused senior retainer like Morikatsu Kimata asked Ieyasu to be transferred into another units. while others like Hideyo Kondo and Yasumasa Ihara escape from service under Ii without Ieyasu permission, and only return during the reign of Tokugawa Hidetada[84]

According to legend, Naomasa was feared so much by his own men, that when he was critically wounded at Sekigahara, not a single one of them committed ritual seppuku, the act of honor killing to prevent a samurai from falling into enemy hands, out of fear of retaliation. As such, Naomasa was able to regain his composure and escape with his life.[citation needed]

Family[edit]

Legacy[edit]

Ii Naomasa was known as the founder of Hikone Castle, after he given task by Tokugawa Ieyasu appoint him the rule of a new domain centered at Sawayama Castle. The Hikone Castle completed by his son Ii Naokatsu in 1622. The area remained under the control of Hikone Domain through the end of the Edo Period.[85] He also known as the first governor of the newly established Hikone Domain, which formed from the eastern part of Ōmi Province that formerly known as Sawayama domain which ruled by Ishida Mitsunari.[75][3] The Hikone domain which inherited through generation to descendants of Naomasa's Ii clan survived until 1871 with its last ruler from Ii clan was Ii Naonori.[86][87]

Aside from the Hikone Domain, another historical Domain founded under Naomasa's rule were Takasaki Domain, which he control for sometimes before it was transferred to Sakai Ietsugu, son of Sakai Tadatsugu.[88]

Naomasa's sets of armour are all preserved and exhibited within Hikone Castle museum, including red armor with golden horns in its helmet.[89] This kind of armor were recorded being used by Naomasa during the battle of Komaki-Nagakute.[80] Another armor which the museum preserved is the first Naomasa armor which he used during the battle of Shibahara. This kind of armor were lacking gold horns.[89]

Ii clan's Red Demons brigade[edit]

Edo period depiction of the "Red Guards" (Akazonae) of the Ii clan

Ii Naomasa was known for his notable elite troops which nicknamed as Ii clan's Red Demons (赤鬼)(Akaoni), or Red Guards (赤備え)(akazonae).[90] The warriors which Naomasa commanded on the battlefield were notable for being outfitted almost completely in blood-red armour from their mounted samurai, bannermen, to even ashigaru. It was said for psychological impact, a tactic he adopted from Yamagata Masakage, one of Takeda Shingen's generals.[1] Constantine Nomikos Vaporis stated that the adaption of the lacquer based armor of the Japanese Samurai army has allowed the introduction of various color theme for their armor. such as Naomasa and Masakage red-clad armor units.[91]

During the Tenshō-Jingo War in 1582 between Tokugawa against the Hojo clan, Naomasa absorbed many samurai warriors from various clans that formerly served under various Takeda generals such as Ichijō Nobutatsu, Yamagata Masakage, Masatsune Tsuchiya, and Hara Masatane, into his rank. This was achieved with assistance of a former Takeda clan retainer named Kimata Morikatsu, who organize the contacts of those samurai clans with Naomasa.[92] Later, after the Tenshō-Jingo War has been ended, Tokugawa history record has stated that Naomasa further absorbed more Takeda samurai clans into his rank, after he made a blood pact (Kishômon) with 70 samurai warriors from Tsuchiya clan that formerly served Tsuchiya Masatsugu, one of Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen, to serve him as Hatamoto retainers.[13] Meanwhile, another source mentioned that total of 120 Tsuchiya clan's samurai warriors has joined Naomasa's rank instead.[3]

Aside from samurai clans, Ii Naomasa also employed Iga ninja clans from Iga Province which led by Miura Yo'emon.[93] Miura Yo'emon was reportedly entered the service of Ii clan in 1603.[94] These ninja army saw action during the Siege of Osaka under the lead of Ii Naotaka, heir of Naomasa who also given control of Ii clan's red demons after Naomasa died.[95]

Historian such as Michifumi Isoda opined that one factor why the Tokugawa clan's could conquer Japan was due to the incorporation of former Takeda clan's vassals into its rank, including Yamagata Masakage's elite red brigade cavalry into Naomasa's command.[96]

Popular culture[edit]

In theater and other contemporary works, Naomasa is often characterized as the opposite of Ieyasu's other great general, Honda Tadakatsu. While both were fierce warriors of the Tokugawa, Tadakatsu survived countless battles without ever suffering an injury, while Naomasa is often depicted as enduring many battle wounds, but fighting through them.[citation needed]

Appendix[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ According to Imatani Akira, professor of Tsuru University, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor University of Central Florida, during Sengoku period there are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called "Ochimusha-gari" or "fallen warrior hunt" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant or Rōnin self-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.[16][17][15]
  2. ^ However, Murayama did not mention the sobriquet of "Four Guardians" here. He only mention that those four Tokugawa generals "became famous[41]
  3. ^ Noda Hiroko, member of Hikone castle museum directorate, has suspected that this is due to Naomasa being hailed from Ii clan, which status has Similar prestige with the Tokugawa clan themselves. Another reason was because Naomasa himself was a relative of Lady Tsukiyama.[43]。
  4. ^ The Gifu Sekigahara Battlefield Memorial Museum has preserved Ieyasu's letters including one which Ieyasu threaten Naomasa to complete the siege as fast as possible.[61]
  5. ^ However, modern era Japanese castle archaeologist Yoshimasa Miike theorized that the reason why Naomasa dismantled Sawayama castle and relocate its materials to Hikone was due to his concern that he could not secure the loyalty of the former Mitsunari vassals which reside in Sawayama castle.[78]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f 井伊直政 -Hatabo's Homepage Archived 2003-09-08 at archive.today
  2. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 107)
  3. ^ a b c d e 山本博文監修 (2007). 江戸時代人物控1000. 小学館. p. 23. ISBN 978-4-09-626607-6.
  4. ^ Tetsuo Owada (2001). 争乱の地域史: 西遠江を中心に - Volume 4 [Regional history of conflict: Focusing on Nishiotomi - Volume 4] (in Japanese). 清文堂出版. p. 153. ISBN 9784792404956. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  5. ^ ð̇Æ̇̌Þ̄ʹđ̇: Rekicho yoki (in Japanese). 1998. p. 九日圍:田中城、井伊直政歲十八. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  6. ^ Kajiwara Ai; Matsudaira Yoriyasu (2003). 歴朝要紀 Volume 2 (in Japanese). 神道大系編纂会. p. 田中城、井伊直政歲十八. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  7. ^ Kimura Takaatsu (1976). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 名著出版. p. 229. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  8. ^ Motonao Narushima; Tadachika Kuwata; Takehisa Udagawa (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 2 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 2] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 110. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  9. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 107)
  10. ^ 戦国武将100列伝 (in Japanese). 展望社. 2020. p. 121. ISBN 978-4885463730.
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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Preceded by
none
 Daimyō of Takasaki
1590–1600 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Daimyō of Hikone
1600–1602 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ii_Naomasa&oldid=1224979168"