Große Berliner Kunstausstellung

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Advertising Poster Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1893 by Ernst Hildebrand, Deutsches Historisches Museum

Große Berliner Kunstausstellung (Great Berlin Art Exhibition), abbreviated GroBeKa or GBK, was an annual art exhibition that existed from 1893 to 1969 with intermittent breaks. In 1917 and 1918, during World War I, it was not held in Berlin but in Düsseldorf. In 1919 and 1920, it operated under the name Kunstausstellung Berlin. From 1970 to 1995, the Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (Free Berlin Art Exhibition) was held annually in its place.

The exhibition[edit]

Wilhelminian Era[edit]

Grosse Berliner Kunstausstellung 1894, Title page of the exhibition catalogue

Until the 1890s, with the exception of the International Art Exhibition of 1891,[1][2] for more than a hundred years the Fine Arts Section of the Royal Academy of Arts organised and ran the Academic Art Exhibitions. The first Great Berlin Art Exhibition took place in 1893 on the basis of the statutes of a reorganisation of its internal relations, which was approved by Kaiser Wilhelm II. From then on, the entirety of the Berlin artistic community was to take over the art exhibition, represented by the Cooperative of the Members of the Royal Academy of Arts (Genossenschaft der Mitglieder der Königlichen Akademie der Künste) and the Berlin Artist's Association (Verein Berliner Künstler). The Düsseldorf artists' association was also granted a share in the management of the exhibition.[3] On 14 May 1893, the Prussian Minister of Culture Robert Bosse [de] opened the first Great Berlin Art Exhibition.[4] This and subsequent exhibitions were held in the Glass Palace, the exhibition building of the State Exhibition Park at Lehrter Bahnhof.

In 1896, to celebrate the bicentenary of the Royal Academy of Arts, the International Art Exhibition and the Berlin Trade Exhibition were held in the exhibition building, the adjacent building and the State Exhibition Park instead of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition.

It is disputed whether in 1898, the jury of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition had rejected the landscape painting Grunewaldsee by the painter Walter Leistikow and whether this had been, among other things, the reason for the founding of the Berlin Secession. In order to raise the long-lamented average standard of this exhibition, the jury had rejected around 1500 works, i.e. one-third of the works submitted. Walter Leistikow's pictures, however, were not affected by this. All of his submitted paintings were accepted.[5][6]

At the beginning of May 1898, 65 artists founded the Berlin Secession,[7] as a consequence of current and earlier discord with the Verein Berliner Künstler.[8] For the most part, the members did not take part in the Great Berlin Art Exhibition for a while from 1899 onwards and showed their works in a building in Kantstraße in secession-owned exhibitions.

The March of the Weavers in Berlin, 1897

The artist and printmaker Käthe Kollwitz was nominated for a gold medal by the jury of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition for her cycle A Weavers' Revolt, but Kaiser Wilhelm II probably considered the works too socially critical, and he prevented the medal from being awarded in 1898.[9] In 1900, 16 of the 24[10] works by the sculptor and painter Gustav Eberlein on display, fell victim to censorship and were removed from the exhibition by "the highest instruction", including the works Adam and Eve at the End of Life,[11] The Spirit of Bismarck, and Workers (also Sack Bearers).

In 1905, the Berlin Association of Artists (Werkring) and the Association for House and Apartment Art (Vereinigung für Haus und Wohnungskunst) were represented in the exhibition, and in 1908 the Dresden artists' group Die Elbier. In 1912, the opening speech was given by Max Schlichting, who used the situation to draw attention to artistic freedom: "In contrast to private exhibitions, an exhibition supported by the state has the obligation to promote all artistic endeavors equally, and its assistance is open to anyone who wishes to call upon it for his or her person.[12]

An advertising poster at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1895 by Carl Röchling

In 1913, on the occasion of the Emperor's jubilee, the exhibition entitled Große Berliner Kunstausstellung zum Regierungsjubiläum Seiner Majestät des Kaisers (Great Berlin Art Exhibition on the Anniversary of the Reign of His Majesty the Emperor) was held. The wish to include the Berlin Secession in this Great Berlin Art Exhibition, with its own jury and halls, was not fulfilled. The Berlin Secession declined the invitation.[13]

As the exhibition building of the Landesausstellungspark was used for military purposes due to the First World War, the Great Berlin Art Exhibition took place in 1915 in the exhibition building at the Palais Arnim of the Royal Academy of Arts on Pariser Platz with a smaller exhibition area. In order to be able to show at least about 600 works, the exhibition was divided into two stages. 300 works were on display during the first half of the exhibition period and 300 more during the second half.[14][15]

The exhibition in 1916, again in the Glaspalast, was almost entirely dominated by the war. There were three categories: The War Pictures Exhibition, the Portrait Gallery: "Great Men from Great Times" and the General Art Exhibition, whereby in the latter, which was divided into five groups, the Association of German illustrators (Verband Deutscher Illustratoren) also had "Political Caricature and War Humour" as its leading theme. On 15 September, Herwarth Walden criticised this exhibition in his article Der Vergessene Kern (The Forgotten Core) in the journal Der Sturm, which he edited.[16]

On 1917 as well as in 1918, the Great Berlin Art Exhibition was moved to the Kunstpalast Düsseldorf. Artists of the Berlin Secession and artists of the Free Secession were also included. In 1917, new acquisitions from the municipal art collections in Düsseldorf were also exhibited and in 1918, on the occasion of the 80th birthday of the painter and professor at the Düsseldorf Art Academy, Eduard von Gebhardt, his works from collections and private collections were exhibited. Konrad Haenisch and Max Schlichting worked on a reform of the exhibition in 1918.[17]

Weimar Republic[edit]

Advertising Poster Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1897 by Melchior Lechter, Symbolism
Advertising poster Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1898 by Karl Ferdinand Klimsch, after the self-portrait by Albrecht Dürer

In 1919, at the beginning of the Weimar Republic, the exhibition was held under the name Kunstausstellung Berlin in the newly renovated Glaspalast (Glaspalast) in the Landesausstellungpark, as it was in 1920, but in 1921 it was again called the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung. The exhibition was now sponsored by the government of the new republic and had been reorganised. The Association of Berlin Artists (Verein Berliner Künstler), Berliner Secession, Freie Secession and the Novembergruppe were represented, but separately, each with its own jury and its own rooms.[18]

On 14 May 1921, Reich President Friedrich Ebert opened the Great Berlin Art Exhibition.[19] The Berlin Secession was not represented at this exhibition.[20] In September 1922, the lithograph Sentimental Sailor and the watercolour Patriotic Travelling Theatre by the artist Georg Scholz were declared "lewd" in the November Group section and confiscated.[21] The following year, Ebert and Hans Baluschek spoke at the opening event.

In 1927, the exhibition was run for the first time by the Kartell der vereinigten Verbände Bildender Künstler Berlin. The Cartel had been founded to do justice to the interests of all artists. The exhibition commission was composed of one representative each from various groups and associations, namely the Allgemeine deutsche Kunstgenossenschaft, Ortsverein Berlin (General German Art Cooperative, Berlin chapter), the architects' association Der Ring, the Berlin Secession, the international association of expressionists, futurists, cubists and constructivists Die Abstrakten, the Freie Vereinigung der Graphiker zu Berlin (Association of Graphics Artists of Berlin), the Künstlervereinigung Berliner Bildhauer (Artists' Association of Berlin Sculptors), the November Group, the Verein Berliner Künstler, the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen (Association of Berlin Women Artists) and the Frauen-Kunstverband (Women's Art Association). There was also a representative for the artists who did not belong to any of the cartel's associations.[22] The 1927 exhibition included a special exhibition of paintings by Kazimir Malevich. Since Malevich had to return to the Soviet Union early, he gave the pictures to Hugo Häring for safekeeping in his function as treasurer of the exhibition.[23] On the one hand, Malevich hoped for further sales, on the other for a return to Berlin. The pictures embarked on an "odyssey" and never returned to Russia. Of the 73 paintings exhibited, 18 works are now considered lost.

On 12 July 1928, the "Führer" of the Nazi Party and former art painter Adolf Hitler visited the exhibition, where Expressionist, Futurist, Cubist, Constructivist and New Objectivity works were shown,[24] among others, works that ran counter to his understanding of art, therefore did not correspond to the Nazi ideal of German art and were later branded as Degenerate Art when the Nazi Party seized power in 1933.

Due to the dilapidation of the Glass Palace in the Exhibition Park, Bellevue Palace served as the exhibition venue from 1929.[25] The director of the exhibition from then on was Hans Baluschek.

Selig sind die geistig Armen by Horst Strempel

In 1930, most of the works submitted by the Dadaist and painter of Berlin nightlife Christian Schad were rejected. A year later, the painting § 218 by Alice Lex-Nerlinger,[26] the wife of Oskar Nerlinger, was confiscated by the police during the exhibition.[27] The controversial painting Selig sind die geistig Armen by Horst Strempel was removed from the exhibition in 1932.

German Reich 1933 to 1945[edit]

Advertising Poster Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1898 by Eduard Liesen, Art Nouveau

Already in the early days of National Socialism, the Nazis removed Hans Baluschek from his post as exhibition director in 1933 as a so-called "Marxist artist" and later banned him from working and exhibiting.[28] They ostracised his works, classing them as "degenerate". However, between 1933 and 1934, his paintings were still exhibited at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition. The opening speech was given by the Prussian Minister of Culture Bernhard Rust.[29] Excluded from the board of the Association of Berlin Women Artists, prominent Jewish artist Harriet von Rathlef withdrew her works from the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in Bellevue Palace as a consequence of the increasing anti-Semitic riots and the art policy of the Nazis.[30] The exhibition for the year 1934 was presented in the exhibition rooms of the Prussian Academy of Arts, and works by Gustav Wunderwald were rejected.

In 1936, Georg Netzband [de] was banned from exhibiting because of "political unreliability".[citation needed]

In 1940, During the Second World War, the exhibition was shown in the new exhibition hall of the Haus der Kunst at Hardenbergstraße 21-23. The previous Haus der Kunst at Königsplatz 4 had been demolished.[citation needed]

In 1942, the exhibition was held in the Nationalgalerie. For the propagandistic documentary film Sommersonntag in Berlin of 1942, produced by the Die Deutsche Wochenschau and lasting about thirteen minutes, about thirty seconds of footage were shot in and in front of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in 35mm film format.[31][32] After about two minutes of the film, the shots of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition follow. The sculpture shown in close-up in it is the Water Bearer by Walter Hauschild [de].

Federal Republic of Germany[edit]

Advertising postcard Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1910, by Friedrich Kallmorgen

On 25 May 1956, the first Great Berlin Art Exhibition since the war, was opened in the exhibition halls at the Berlin Radio Tower. The exhibition was organised by the Berufsverband Bildender Künstler Berlin (Professional Association of Visual Artists Berlin). The artist, colour designer, the avant-garde author of children's books, Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was from then on jointly responsible for the design of the exhibitions. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Waldemar Rösler's death, works by him were shown.

In 1958, the then Mayor of West Berlin Willy Brandt and Federal President Theodor Heuss were present at the opening.[33] In 1961, Paul Ohnsorge [de] was awarded the Grand Prize of the Berlin Art Exhibition for his complete works by Willy Brandt in the presence of former Federal President Theodor Heuss.

The last Great Berlin Art Exhibition took place in 1969.

Selection of exhibiting artists[edit]

Wilhelminian Era[edit]

Advertising postcard Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1912, by Hans Looschen
Plaster model Schreiender Hirsch (Screaming Stag) by Richard Rusche (1 ⅓ life size) at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1899
Emperor Wilhelm II and Empress Auguste Viktoria at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition on the Occasion of the Jubilee of the Reign of His Majesty the Emperor, 1913
View of the November Group Hall, Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1919, German Federal Archives
View of the Sculpture Hall, Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1920, German Federal Archives
Installation of the sculpture (lime wood) Female Nude by Christoph Voll in a room of the November Group, Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1924, German Federal Archives
Day of the opening of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition on 31 May 1924, German Federal Archives
View of the exhibition building of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1928 at Lehrter Bahnhof, German Federal Archives
Opening speech by Hans Baluschek at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1931 in Bellevue Palace, German Federal Archives
Opening speech by Hans Baluschek with members of the press in the background at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1931 in Bellevue Palace, German Federal Archives
Other exhibiting artists included Ernst Bernardien [de], Mathilde Block, Olga Boznańska, Ludwig Brunow, Eugène Carrière, Lovis Corinth, Hans Dahl, Rudolf Eichstaedt [de], Wilhelm Feldmann, Anna Gerresheim, Gustav Graef, Hugo von Habermann, Otto Heichert, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Hermann Hirsch, Adolf Hölzel, Adolf Jahn, Max Klein, Max Klinger, Käthe Kollwitz, Max Koner, Hugo Lederer, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy, Ascan Lutteroth, Fritz Mackensen, Carl Malchin, Adolph von Menzel, Otto Modersohn, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Rheinhold, Fritz Roeber, Franz Skarbina, Franz von Stuck, Hans Thoma, Fritz von Uhde, Max Unger, Theodor Wedepohl, Julius Wengel, Hugo Zieger [de] and Emil Zschimmer.
Other exhibiting artists included Olga Boznańska, Ludwig Brunow, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Wilhelm Feldmann, Johannes Götz, Georg von Hauberrisser, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Arthur Illies, Adolf Jahn, Eduard Kaempffer, Walter Leistikow, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Carl Malchin, Gabriel von Max, Adolph von Menzel Otto Modersohn, Karl Josef Müller, Fritz Prölß [de], Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf [de], Franz Skarbina, Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm [de], Max Unger and Theodor Wedepohl
Other exhibiting artists included Alfred Agache, Mathilde Block, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Olga Boznańska, Edward Burne-Jones, Eugène Carrière, Józef Chełmoński, Walter Crane, Wilhelm Dürr, Elisabeth von Eicken, Ernst Eitner [de], Julian Fałat, Henri Fantin-Latour, Wilhelm Feldmann, Hermann Hendrich, Adolf Hölzel, Theodor Hummel [de], Arthur Illies, Adolf Jahn, Eduard Kaempffer, Albert von Keller, Hugo Lederer, Frederic Leighton, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Robert Macbeth, Frederick William MacMonnies, Carl Malchin, Adolph von Menzel, John Everett Millais, Max Nonnenbruch, Fritz Prölß, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf, James Sant, Franz Skarbina, Max Slevogt, Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm, Hans Thoma, Max Unger, Carl Vinnen, John William Waterhouse, Theodor Wedepohl and Julius Wengel.
Other exhibiting artists included: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Ernst Bernardien, Marie Bilders-van Bosse, Olga Boznańska, Józef Chełmoński, John Collier, Lovis Corinth, Walter Crane, Elisabeth von Eicken, Ernst Eitner, Eugen von Schweden, Johannes Götz, Julian Fałat, Henri Fantin-Latour, Hugo Lederer, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Fernand Khnopff, Walter Leistikow, Madeleine Lemaire, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Fritz Mackensen, Edvard Munch, Max Nonnenbruch, Franz Skarbina, Max Unger and Theodor Wedepohl. In the Historical Department, among others, works by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Arnold Böcklin, Peter von Cornelius, Friedrich Geselschap, Ferdinand von Harrach, Wilhelm Leibl, Franz von Lenbach, Adolph von Menzel, Franz Skarbina and Karl Friedrich Schinkel were shown.
Other exhibiting artists included Karl Bartoschek [de], Ernst Bernardien, Mathilde Block, Olga Boznańska, Olga Cordes [de], Hans Dahl, Gustav Eberlein, Elisabeth von Eicken, Henri Fantin-Latour, Anna Gerresheim, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Carl Langhein, Hugo Lederer, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Ascan Lutteroth, Carl Malchin, Otto Modersohn, Fritz Overbeck, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf, Martha Rose-Grabow, Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm and Theodor Wedepohl.
Other exhibiting artists included: Hans am Ende, Ernst Barlach, Olga Boznańska, Lovis Corinth, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Ferdinand Hodler, Theodor Hummel, Adolf Jahn, Käthe Kollwitz, Carl Larsson, Hugo Lederer, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Max Liebermann, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Fritz Mackensen, Carl Malchin, Max Nonnenbruch, Fritz Overbeck, Hermann Prell, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Franz Skarbina, Max Slevogt, Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm, Max Unger and Heinrich Vogeler.
Other exhibiting artists included: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Mathilde Block, Hans Bohrdt (Kollektivausstellung), Olga Boznańska, Carl Breitbach (Collective exhibition), Hans Dahl, Louis Douzette, Carl Flamm [de], Carl Gehrts (Kollektivausstellung), Karl Gussow, Stanisław Grocholski, Ernst Hausmann (Collective exhibition), Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Wilhelm Leibl, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Adolph von Menzel, Francesco Paolo Michetti (Kollektiv-Ausstellung), Max Nonnenbruch, Max Rabes (Collective exhibition), Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf, Richard Rusche [de], Teutwart Schmitson (Collective exhibition), Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm, Hans Thoma and Theodor Wedepohl.
Other exhibiting artists included: Ernst Barlach, Ernst Bernardien, Olga Boznańska, Eugen Bracht (Special Exhibition), Fanny Brate, Moritz Coschell, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Jean Delville, Gustav Eberlein, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Franz von Lenbach, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Anders Montan, Max Nonnenbruch, Karl Rudolf Sohn, Fritz Sturm, Heinrich Vogeler, Paul Vorgang [de] (Special Exhibition) and Emile Wauters (Special Exhibition).
Other exhibiting artists included: August Achtenhagen, Ernst Barlach, Mathilde Block, Olga Boznańska, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Max Frey, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Erich Kips, Franz von Lenbach (Special Exhibition), Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Adolph von Menzel, Alfred Mohrbutter, József Rippl-Rónai, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Heinrich Schlotermann [de], Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm, Heinrich Vogeler and Hedwig Weiß.
Other exhibiting artists included: Mathilde Block, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Rudolf Marcuse, Alfred Mohrbutter, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Max Nonnenbruch, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Heinrich Schlotermann Fritz Sturm and Julie Wolfthorn.
  • 1903: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Carl Bantzer, Adolf Brütt and John Singer Sargent and a small gold medal each for Edwin Austin Abbey, Fritz Burger, von Hoven & Neher (Bauräte), Hugo Lederer, Ferdinand Lepcke and Carl Vinnen.
Other exhibiting artists included: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Hans am Ende, Ernst Bernardien, Alexander Essfeld [de], Paul Cézanne, William Merritt Chase, Moritz Coschell, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, James Ensor, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Fernand Khnopff, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Claude Monet, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Camille Pissarro, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Heinrich Schlotermann, Alfred Sisley, Franz Skarbina, Paul Vorgang, Julie Wolfthorn, Heinrich Vogeler and Theodor Wedepohl.
Other exhibiting artists included: Eugen Bracht, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Alexander Essfeld, Lyonel Feininger, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Adolf Jahn, Erich Kips, Georg Heinrich Kührner [de], Franz von Lenbach, Ascan Lutteroth, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Franz Peleschka [de], Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm, Theodor Wedepohl and Willy Werner [de].
  • 1905: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Franz Skarbina and Ferdinand Schmutzer and a small gold medal for each of Moritz Röbbecke, Hermann Schaper, Eduard Beyrer (Son of Josef Beyrer) and Arthur Lewin-Funcke.
Other exhibiting artists included:Ernst Bernardien, Eugen Bracht, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Ernst Eitner, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Hermann Kauffmann, Fritz Lang, Carl Langhein, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Max Liebermann, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Rudolf Marcuse, Adolph von Menzel, Paul Nauen, Johannes Rudolphi, Heinrich Schlotermann, Fritz Sturm, Paul Vorgang and Willy Werner.
  • 1906: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Louis Tuaillon and Franz Schwechten and a small gold medal each for Franz Hoffmann-Fallersleben, Josef Hinterseher, Paul Oesten and Wilhelm Wandschneider.
Other exhibiting artists included: Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, Mathilde Block, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Heinrich Giebel, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Rudolf Hermanns, Samuel Hirszenberg, Adolf Jahn, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Julius Kornbeck [de], František Kupka, Johannes Rudolphi, Heinrich Schlotermann, Franz Skarbina, Paul Vorgang and Hugo Wolff-Maage [de].
The retrospective exhibition, which was part of the exhibition, featured among others Werke von Arnold Böcklin, Peter von Cornelius, Hans Dahl, Anselm Feuerbach, Friedrich Geselschap, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Wilhelm Leibl, Franz von Lenbach, Max Liebermann, Ascan Lutteroth, Hans Makart, Adolph von Menzel, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer, Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm and Carl Spitzweg shown.
Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, Paul Rudolf Backhaus [de], Mathilde Block, Arnold Böcklin, Gustave Courbet, Hans Dahl, Anthonis van Dyck, Ernst Eitner, Lilla Pauline Emilie Gäde [de], Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Samuel Hirszenberg, Arthur Illies, Käthe Kollwitz, Fritz Lang, Hugo Lederer, Franz von Lenbach, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Hans Makart, Rudolf Marcuse, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Paul Nauen, Hermann Nolte, George Romney, John Singer Sargent, Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm and Hans Thoma.
  • 1908: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Otto Heinrich Engel and Friedrich Kallmorgen and a small gold medal each for Hermann Fenner-Behmer, Wilhelm Hambüchen, Hermann Hosaeus, Wilhelm Kimbel, Hans Looschen, Alfred Scherres and Otto Stichling.
Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, Ernst Bernardien, Mathilde Block, Johann Michael Bossard, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Ernst Eitner, Johanna Luise Groppe [de], Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Arthur Illies, Erich Kips, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Wilhelm Leibl, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Adolph von Menzel, Otto Modersohn, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Fritz Overbeck, Paul Paede, Ludwig Schmid-Reutte, Heinrich Schlotermann, Johannes Rudolphi, Franz Skarbina, Hans Thoma, Carl Vinnen, Heinrich Vogeler, Paul Vorgang, Willy Werner and Heinrich Zille.
Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Hans am Ende, Arnold Böcklin, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Erich Kips, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Rudolf Marcuse, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Johannes Rudolphi, Heinrich Schlotermann, John Singer Sargent, Franz Skarbina, Carl Vinnen, Paul Vorgang, James McNeill Whistler, Heinrich Zille, Ernst Zehle and Oskar Zwintscher.
Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Fritz Discher [de], Ferdinand von Harrach, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Erich Kips, Rudolf Marcuse, Heinrich Schlotermann, Max Stern, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, József Rippl-Rónai, Franz Skarbina, Lesser Ury, Carl Vinnen and Paul Vorgang.
Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Hans am Ende, Carl Arp, Ernst Bernardien, Mathilde Block, Karl de Bouché [de], Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Ferdinand Dorsch, Albin Egger-Lienz, Friedrich Geselschap, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Hölzel, Theodor Hummel, Adolf Jahn, Erich Kips, Max Klinger, Hugo Lederer, Wilhelm Leibl, Emmy Lischke, Fritz Mackensen, Rudolf Marcuse, Adolph von Menzel, Charles Johann Palmié, Kurt Schwitters, Ludwig Schmid-Reutte, Franz Skarbina, Franz von Stuck, Hans Thoma, Max Unger, Lesser Ury, Carl Vinnen and Paul Vorgang.
Other exhibiting artists included: Rudolf Bacher, Arnulf de Bouché [de], Martin Brandenburg, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Edgar Degas, Ferdinand Dorsch, Ernst Eitner, Max Frey, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Theodor Hummel, Adolf Jahn, Fernand Khnopff, Wilhelm Kohlhoff [de], Louis Legrand, Ascan Lutteroth, Erich Kips, Fritz Mackensen, Rudolf Marcuse, Richard Müller [de], Fryderyk Pautsch, Odilon Redon, József Rippl-Rónai, Paul Schad-Rossa, Max Schlichting, Heinrich Schlotermann, Max Unger, Paul Vorgang, Julie Wolfthorn and Heinrich Zille.
New acquisitions from the Düsseldorf municipal art collections on display included works by Arnold Böcklin, Anselm Feuerbach, Louis Gurlitt, Max Klinger, Max Liebermann, Hans von Marées, Mihály von Munkácsy, Hermann Nolte, Eduard Schleich der Ältere, Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Moritz von Schwind, Hans Thoma, Wilhelm Trübner and Fritz von Uhde.

Weimar Republic[edit]

In the foreground, the Room of the Abstracts, Great Berlin Art Exhibition 1931 in Bellevue Palace, German Federal Archives

German Reich 1933 to 1945[edit]

Federal Republic of Germany[edit]

Digitized exhibition catalogues[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Verein Berliner Künstler (1891). "Internationale Kunst-ausstellung veranstaltet vom Verein Berliner Künstler". Internet Archive (in German). Berlin: Verlag des VereinsBerliner Künstler. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  2. ^ Gurlitt, Cornelius (1892). "Die Internationale, Kunstausstellung zu Berlin, 1891". Internet Archive (in German). München: F. Hanfstaengl. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Große Berliner Kunstausstellung 1893". Kunstbibliothek Berlin (in German). Berlin: Verlag von Rud. Schuster. 1893. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  4. ^ "Patentschrift von Rudolf Diesel: Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen, 2. Auflage Chronicle 1983". LeMO Lernen (in German). Lebendiges Museum Online. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  5. ^ "The Emergence of the Berlin Secession" (PDF). Käthe Kollwitz Museum Cologne (in German). Köln. 29 November 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  6. ^ Landsmannschaft Westpreußen e.V. Landesgruppe Berlin, "Walter Leistikow (1865-1908) aus Bromberg", Mitteilungsblatt Nr. 74 (01) Januar – April 2009 (in German), pp. 2 (bottom right), 4 (top left), retrieved 25 September 2023
  7. ^ "Berlin Secession: Avant-Garde Artists Group". Visual Arts Cork. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  8. ^ Michael F. Palmer (1984). Paul Tillich's Philosophy of Art. Walter de Gruyter. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-11-009681-1. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  9. ^ Kollwitz, Käthe. "Cycle "A Weavers' Revolt", 1893-1897". Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. Cologne. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Große Berliner Kunstausstellung 1900". Kunstbibliothek Berlin (in German). Berlin: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. 1900. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  11. ^ Münder, Rosemarie. "Gustav Heinrich Eberlein". Gustav-Eberlein-Forschung e.V. Row 5 Image 2. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
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