Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
| Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Qing dynasty |
Tibet Thirty-nine Hor tribes Kingdom of Powo | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Lian Yu[1] Zhong Ying[2] |
13th Dalai Lama Kelsang Gyaltsen Tsarong Dazang Dramdul | ||||||
In 1910, Qing China sent a military force of 2,000 troops to Tibet, then a Qing protectorate, ostensibly to assert imperial authority. It led to turmoil in Tibet and caused the Dalai Lama to flee to India.[3] It also caused a serious rupture in Sino-Tibetan relations that eventually led to Tibet's declaration of independence in 1912.[4]
Background[edit]
Qing rule of Tibet was established in the early 18th century and took its final shape in 1751.[5][6] After the British expedition to Tibet in 1904 and the Sino-British Convention in 1906 which confirmed London's recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet.[7]
Expedition[edit]
The Qing Government sent the 1910 expedition to Tibet for establishing direct rule and reoccupied Lhasa.[8][unreliable source?] According to scholar Dawa Norbu, the British expedition and Treaty of Lhasa led to the Qing government to ensure that they held firm control over Tibet. Afterwards, the Dalai Lama then fled to India.[9][page needed] Melvyn Goldstein, an American Tibetologist from the CWRU Center for Research on Tibet, indicated more specifically:
The [British] invasion of Tibet and the Lhasa Convention of 1904 dramatically altered Chinese policy toward Tibet. Until then, the Qing dynasty had shown no interest in directly administering or sinicizing Tibet. The British thrusts now suggested to Beijing that unless it took prompt action, its position as overlord in Tibet might be lost, and with Tibet under the British sphere of influence the English would be looking down from the Tibetan plateau on Sichuan, one of China's most important provinces. The Qing dynasty, although enfeebled and on the brink of collapse, responded with surprising vigor. Beijing got the British troops to leave Tibetan soil quickly by paying the indemnity to Britain itself and began to take a more active role in day-to-day Tibetan affairs. Britain's casual invasion of Tibet, therefore, stimulated China to protect its national interests by beginning a program of closer cultural, economic, and political integration of Tibet with the rest of China.[10]
After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution and the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil in 1911–1912, the Qing dynasty collapsed and was succeeded by the Republic of China. The 13th Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa and proclaimed an independent Tibet. All remaining Qing forces were expelled from Tibet.
See also[edit]
- Tibet under Qing rule
- Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
- Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
- Batang uprising
- Zhao Erfeng
- Tibet (1912–1951)
References[edit]
- ^ Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008), pp. 231, 234.
- ^ Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008), p. 212.
- ^ Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989), pp. 52–54.
- ^ Ho, The Men Who Would Not be Amban (2008), p. 232: "Thus began a fateful chain of events that would have grave ramifications for Sino-Tibetan relations in the twentieth century.".
- ^ Petech, Luciano, China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century, Brill, 1972, p260, "(From 1661 to 1705), the Manchu emperors possess[ed] only that shadowy form of suzerainty, which they inherited from the Yuan and the Ming dynasties...The year 1710 saw the formal proclamation of the Chinese protectorate...After the Dsungar storm had blown over, from 1721-1723 the Tibetan government was supervised by the commandant of the Chinese garrison in Lhasa...In 1751 the organization of the protectorate took its final shape, which it maintained, except for some modifications in 1792, till its end in 1912. The ambans were given rights of control and supervision and since 1792 also a direct participation in the Tibetan government. "
- ^ Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989), p. 44: "there can be no question regarding the subordination of Tibet to Manchu-ruled China following...the first decades of the eighteenth century.".
- ^ Smith, Warren, Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Routledge, 2019, p153
- ^ Rai, C (2022). Darjeeling: The Unhealed Wound. Blue Rose Publishers. p. 55.
- ^ Norbu, Dawa (2011), Tibet: The Road Ahead, Ebury Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4464-5968-3
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, University of California Press, 1997, p26
Bibliography[edit]
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-91176-5
- Ho, Dahpon David (April 2008), "The Men Who Would Not Be Amban and the One Who Would", Modern China, 34 (2): 210–246, doi:10.1177/0097700407312856
- Lamb, Alastair (1966), The McMahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 1: Morley, Minto and Non-Interference in Tibet, Routledge & K. Paul – via archive.org
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