Valknut
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Valknut (Old Norse valr, slain warriors + knut, knot) is a symbol consisting of three interlocked triangles. The symbol appears on Scandinavian objects and a number of theories have been proposed for the significance of it. The name of the symbol is an unattested modern invention used to describe the image and was not used contemporaneously when the symbols were carved. The symbol has been compared to the three-horned symbol found on the 9th century Snoldelev Stone, which it may be related to.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Archaeological record
The symbol appears in a unicursal form, such as on the 7th century Tängelgarda stone from Gotland, Sweden. The symbols also appears in tricursal "brunnian linked" form, such as on the Lärbro stone, also in Gotland, as well as upon a ring found in the River Nene in England, and on a bedpost found within the Oseberg ship from Slagen, Norway. The only traditionally and historically attested forms found so far have been the Borromean tricursal, and the triquetra unicursal.
[edit] Theories
[edit] Hrungnir's Heart
Chapter 17 of the 13th century Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál contains the following description of the heart of the Jötunn Hrungnir:
Hrungnir had a heart that was famous. It was made of hard stone with three sharp-pointed corners just like the carved symbol hrungnishjarta [Hrungnir's Heart].[2]
Comparisons have been made between this description and the symbol known as the Valknut.[1]
[edit] Odin and mental binds
Hilda Ellis Davidson theorizes that the Valknut:
..is thought to symbolize the power of the god Odin to bind or unbind [a man's mind] ... so that men became helpless in battle, and he could also loosen the tensions of fear and strain by his gifts of battle-madness, intoxication, and inspiration.[3]
[edit] Death
Due to the Norwegian name for the symbol, valknuter, and the fact that the symbol appears on picture stones with Odin and on burial gifts in the Oseberg ship burial, Rudolf Simek states that the symbol may have been be associated with religious practices surrounding death.[1]
[edit] Suebian knot
Some speculation has been put forward relating the Suebian knot hair style recorded by Tacitus to the valknut.[2]
[edit] Geometry
Geometrically, it is topologically equivalent to the Borromean rings, the trefoil knot, or (in modern use only) a closed 3-link chain, depending on the particular artistic depiction:
 The Valknut as Borromean rings |
 The Valknut as trefoil knot or triquetra |
 The Valknut as closed 3-link chain |
[edit] Modern use
The Valknut symbol plays a role in modern Germanic Neopagan faiths, where numerous explanations and interpretations of the symbol are given. The Swedish pulp and paper manufacturer and consumer goods company Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget uses a triquetra Valknut as their logo, which can be commonly seen on many products produced by the company. The symbol has also been used by an amount of neo-Nazi groups.[4]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2006). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0140447555
- Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1946). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Baltimore: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-020670-1
- Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0859915131
