User:P Aculeius/sandbox

This is the main sandbox of P. Aculeius Spina. Tables created for pages about Crayola crayon colours and Web colours have been moved to a supplemental sandbox. I've also made a bibliographic sandbox and one for sourcing the article on Roman names.

Postmasters table

Postmasters of Lower Dysphoria

Year	Postmaster
1845	John Doe
1848	Richard Roe
1852	Evan Jones

Template for biographical articles

==Family== ==Career== ==Footnotes== {{notelist-lr}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * Titus Livius ([[Livy]]), ''Ab Urbe Condita'' (History of Rome). * [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Romaike Archaiologia''. * ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * [[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T. Robert S. Broughton]], ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952). ==See also== *[[Julia (gens)]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Julius}} [[Category:Julii|]]

Template for new gens articles

{{Short description|Ancient Roman family}} The '''gens ______''' was a [[plebeian]] family at [[ancient Rome]]. Members of this [[gens]] are first mentioned... ==Origin== ==Praenomina== ==Branches and cognomina== ==Members== {{Filiation}} ==Notes== {{notelist-lr}} ==See also== * [[List of Roman gentes]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Romaike Archaiologia''. * Titus Livius ([[Livy]]), ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|History of Rome]]''. * [[Lucius Cassius Dio]], ''Roman History''. * ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * [[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T. Robert S. Broughton]], ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952–1986). [[Category:Roman gentes]]

Draft of Patrician (ancient Rome)

The '''patricians''' ({{Lang-la|[[Wikt:patricius|patricii]]}}) were the hereditary aristocracy of ancient Rome. Originating in the time of the [[Roman Kingdom|kings]], the patricians obtained a near monopoly on political power under the early [[Roman Republic|Republic]], and they dominated the Roman state down to the period of the [[Samnite Wars]]. The patricians were one of the two main social orders that made up the ''populus Romanus'', the body of free [[Roman citizenship|Roman citizens]]. The other order, known as the ''plebs'', or [[plebs|plebeians]], consisted of the common people of Rome. The struggle of the plebeians to obtain legal and political equality with the patricians was known as the ''[[Conflict of the Orders]]'', and was seen by the Roman historians as the defining process of the early Republic, leading to the establishment of many institutions and traditions that came to be regarded as quintessentially Roman. In the middle and later Republic, as the patricians and plebeians achieved near-parity in social and political power, the importance of patrician status became largely symbolic, and new divisions appeared among the Roman people, including the [[equites]], or knights, an order based primarily on wealth, rather than inherited privilege, and the political factions known as the [[optimates]] and the [[populares]], whose struggles dominated the final century of the Republic. By [[Roman Empire|imperial times]], the distinction between the patricians and the plebeians was largely one of prestige; but such was the aura of patrician status that new patricians were created by the [[Roman emperor]]s to replenish the depleted ranks of that order. By the third century AD, patrician status ceased to have any practical meaning. The rank of ''patricius'' was subsequently revived by [[Constantine the Great]] as a title of personal distinction granted to the emperors' most trusted advisors. In this form the title survived the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]], as it continued to be bestowed on supporters of the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperors]], and in the west by the [[List of popes|popes]], as well as the [[Italian city-states|various city-states]] that emerged in medieval Italy and elsewhere. ==Origins== According to tradition, the origins of the patriciate go back to the time of [[Romulus]], the legendary founder and first King of Rome, who appointed one hundred leading men to form the first [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]]. These senators, who came to be addressed as ''patres conscripti'', or conscript fathers, were viewed as the ancestors of the patricians. Further patrician families were appointed under the succeeding kings, until the time of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], the seventh and last Roman king, who was expelled before he could create any new patricians. Additional families were admitted to the patriciate under the Roman Republic, perhaps by adlection, but it is not clear how often or for how long this was done. By the end of the Republic, the ranks of the patricians were severely depleted, and laws were passed enabling [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Augustus]] to appoint new patricians. The origin of the plebeians is less clear. In the later Republic, all free Roman citizens who were not patricians were by definition plebeians. The Roman historians assumed that the plebeian order originated together with or immediately following the patricians, comprising immigrants, freedmen, and those captured in war, who eventually obtained Roman citizenship, but not the full rights of the patricians. However, it is not certain that there was any unified body of plebeians prior to the establishment of the Republic, or that the plebeians constituted a distinct order comprising all non-patrician citizens prior to 367 BC, when the ''[[lex Licinia Sextia]]'' is said to have opened the [[Roman consul]]ship to the plebs. ==The Conflict of the Orders== ==Membership== ===Patrician gentes=== ===Maiores and minores=== ==Decline of the patriciate== ==Patricians in imperial times== ==Patricius== ==Medieval and subsequent usage== ==Footnotes== {{reflist|group=lower-roman}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Patrician (ancient Rome) |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }} ==Further reading== ==External links== {{Authority control}} [[Category:Roman patricians]] [[Category:Social classes in ancient Rome]] [[Category:Social groups]]

Postumii Family Tree

Stemma Postumiorum Albinorum

P. Postumius Albus A. Postumius Albus Regillensis dict. 498 BC cos. 496 S. Postumius Albus Regillensis cos. 466 BC Xvir 451 A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis cos. 464 BC S. Postumius Albus Regillensis cos. trib. 432 BC P. Postumius Albinus Regillensis cos. trib. 414 BC M. Postumius Albinus Regillensis cens. 403 BC A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis cos. trib. 397 BC S. Postumius Albinus Regillensis cos. trib. 394 BC S. Postumius Albinus Caudinus cos. 334, 321 BC cens. 332 mag. eq. 327 L. Postumius Albinus L. Postumius Albinus rex sacr. c. 275 BC A. Postumius Albinus A. Postumius Albinus cos. 242 BC cens. 234 A. Postumius Albinus L. Postumius Albinus cos. 234, 229 BC S. Postumius Albinus A. Postumius Albinus Luscus cos. 180 BC cens. 174 S. Postumius Albinus Paullulus cos. 174 BC L. Postumius Albinus cos. 173 BC L. Postumius Albinus Tympanus q. 194 BC S. Postumius Albinus cos. 186 BC S. Postumius Albinus (Magnus) A. Postumius Albinus cos. 151 BC L. Postumius Albinus cos. 154 BC S. Postumius Albinus Magnus cos. 148 BC S. Postumius Albinus cos. 110 BC A. Postumius Albinus propr. 110 BC A. Postumius Albinus cos. 99 BC L. Postumius Albinus IIIvir monet. 131 BC fl. mart. S. Postumius Albinus A. Postumius Albinus IIIvir monet. 88 BC L. Postumius Albinus pr. 90 BC A. Postumius Albinus IIIvir monet. 81 BC A. Postumius Albinus leg. Caes. 48 BC

Fasti

This table lists the magistrates and events from the most recent reconstruction of the Fasti Capitolini. The years supplied are based on the Varronian chronology; years AUC given in the original table are provided under "notes". Portions of names and text in square brackets have been interpolated. Periods (full stops) have been supplied for abbreviations. An m-dash is used for missing or unknown filiations. Other missing text is indicated with an ellipsis in brackets, [. . .]. This table uses modern conventions for distinguishing between I and J, and between U and V.

Blank table

Caption

Year BC	Year AUC	Magistracy	Left column	Right column
			Years [insert] missing
		Coss.	Name1	Name2
		Coss.	Name1	Name2

Fasti Albenses

First century BC

Year BC	Year AUC	Magistracy	Left column	Right column
—	—		[...]ntius M. f.	M. Scantinius M. f.
48	706	Coss. Dict./Mag. Eq.	[C. Jul]iu[s C. f. C. n. Caesar II] [C. Jul]ius C. f. C. n. Caesar II	[P. Ser]vilius P. f. C. n. Isa[ur]i[c]us M. Antonius M. [f.] M. n.
47	707	Coss.	[Q. Fufius] Q. f. C. n. Cale[nus]	P. Vatinius [P. f.]
46	708	Coss. Dict./Mag. Eq.	[C. Jul]ius C. f. C. n. Ca[esar III] [C. Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar III]	[M.] Aemilius M. [f. Q.] n. L[epi]dus [M.] Aemiliu[s Lep]idus
45	709	Coss. Suf.	[C. Jul]ius [C.] f. C. n. Caesar IIII sine collega, abd. [...]
44	710	Coss. Suf.	[C. Juliu]s C. f. C. n. Caesar V occis. e. P. [C]or[ne]lius L. f. L. n. [D]olab[ella]	M. Antonius M. f. M. n.
43	711	Coss. Suf. IIIviri r. p. c.	C. Vi[bi]us C. f. C. n. [P]ansa [...] mort. e. C. Ju[l]ius C. f. C. n. Caesar abd. C. C[ar]rinas C. f. [C. n.] [...]lus L. f. M. n. [...] M. [Antoni]us M. f. M. n. [M.] Aemili[u]s [M. f. Q. n. Lepidus]	A. Hirtius A. f. L. [n.] mort. e. [Q. P]edius M. f. abd. P. Ventidiu[s P. f.] [C. Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar]
42	712	Coss. Censs.	[M.] Aemil[iu]s [M. f. Q. n. Lepidu]s II [C. Antonius M. f. M.] n.	L. [Munatius L. f. Plancus] [P.] Sulpicius P. [f. Rufus] lustr. n. f.
41	713	Coss.	[L. Antonius M. f. M. n.]	[P. Servi]li[us] P. f. P. n. Isauricus [II]
40	714	Coss. Suf.	[Cn. Domitius M. f. Calvinus II] [L. Cornelius L. f. B]alb.	[C. Asi]niu[s] Cn. [f. — n.] Po[ll]io L. Can[idius P. f. Crassus]
39	715	Coss. Suf.	[L. Marcius L. f. Censorinus] C. C[o]cceius — f. [Balbus]	[C. Calvisius C. f. Sabinus] [P. Alfenus P. f. Varus]
38	716	Coss. Suf.	[Ap. Claudius C. f. Pulcher] [L. Cornelius — f.]	[C. Norbanus C. f. Flaccus] [L. Marcius L. f. Philippus]
37	717	Coss. Suf. IIIviri r. p. c.	[M.] Vip[s]an[ius L. f. Agrippa] M. Anton[ius M. f. M. n. II] M. [A]em[ilius M. f. Q. n. Lepidus II	[L. Caninius L. f. Gallus] [T. Statilius T. f. Taurus] [C. Julius C. f. C. n. II]
36	718	Coss.	[L. Gellius L. f. Poplicola] L. No[nius L. f. Asprenas]	[M. Cocceius — f. Nerva] [M. Marcius — f.]
35	719	Coss.	[L. C]orni[ficius L. f.] P. [C]orneli[us — f. Dolabella]	[Sex. Pompeius Sex. f.] [T. Peducaelus — f.]
34	720	Coss.	[M. Antonius M. f. M. n. II]	[L. Scribonius L. f. Libo]
33	721	Coss. Suf.	[Imp. Caesar divi f. II] [L. Autronius P. f. Paetus]	[L. Volcacius L. f. Tullus] [L.] Flavi[us ...]
32	722	Suf.	[M. Valer.] M. f. [Messalla]]	[L. Cornelius — f. Cinna]
31	723	Coss. Suf.	[Imp. Cae]s. div[i f. III] M. [Titius L. f.]	[M. Valerius M. f. Messalla Corvinus] [Cn. Pompeius Q. f.]
30	724	Suf.	[M. Tullius] M. [f. Ci]ce[ro]	[L. Saenius L. f.]
29	725	Coss. Suf.	[Imp. Caes. divi f. V] Pot. [Val]e[rius] — f. Messalla]	[Sex. App]ule[ius Sex. f. Sex. n.]
28	726	Coss.	[Imp.] Caes. divi f. VI	[M. Agrippa] L. f. [II]
27	727	Coss.	[Imp.] Caes. divi f. V[II]	[M. Agrippa] L. f. [III]
26	728	Coss.	[Imp.] Caesar [d]ivi f. [Aug.] IIX	[T. S]tatilius T. [f. Taurus II]
25	729	Coss.	[Im]p. Caes. [div]i f. [Aug. IX]	M. Juniu[s] M. f. D. [n. Silanus]
24	730	Coss.	[Imp. Ca]es. divi f. Aug. [X]	C. Norbanu[s C. f. C. n. Flaccus]
23	731	Coss.	[I]m[p. C]aes. di[v]i f. [Aug. XI] abd. [L. Sestius P. f. Quirinalis]	A. Terentius [A. f. Varro Murena] damn. e. [Cn. Calpurnius Cn. f. Piso]
22	732	Coss.	[L. Arruntius L. f. L. n.]	[M. C]l[audius] M. [f. M. n. Marcellus]
21	733	Coss.	[M. Lollius M. f.] M. n.	Q. Aemil[ius M'. f. Lepidus]
20	734	Coss.	[M. Appuleiu]s Sex. f. [Sex. n.]	[P.] Silius [P.] f. N[erva]
19	735	Coss. Suf.	[C. Sentius C. f. S]aturninu[s] [M. Vini]cius M'. f.	[Q.] Lucretius Q. [f. Vespillo]
18	736	Coss.	[Cn. C]ornelius L. f. Lent[ul.]	P. Cor[ne]lius P. f. Le[ntulus]
17	737	Coss.	[C. Ju]nius M. f. D. n. Silan[u]s	C. Furnius C. f.
16	738	Coss. Suf.	[L. Dom]itius Cn. f. [A]hen[ob.]	[P.] C[or]neliu[s P. f. Scipio] [L. Tar]ius L. f. L. [n. Rufus]
15	739	Coss.	[L. Calpurnius L. f. Piso]	[M. Liviu]s [L. f. Dru]sus Libo
14	740	Coss.	[M. Licini]us [M. f. Crassus]	[Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Len]tulus
13	741	Coss.	[Ti. Cl]audius Ti. f. N[ero]	P. Quintil[i]us S[ex. f.] Varus
12	742	Coss. Suf.	[M. V]alerius L. f. [Messalla] [C. Valgiu]s abd. [C. Caninius C. f.] Re[bilus] [L. Vo]lusius Q. f. Saturninus	[P. Sulp]icius [P. f. —] n. Q[ui]riniu[s]
11	743	Coss.	[Q. Aelius Q. f. Tubero]	[P]aullus Fa[bius Q. f. Maximus]
10	744	Coss.	[Africanus Fabius Q. f. Ma]x[im]us	Iu[llus Antonius M. f.]
9	745	Coss.	[Nero Claudius Ti. f. Drusus]	T. Q[uinctius T. f. Crispinus]
8	746	Coss.	[C. Marcius L. f. Censorinus]	[C.] A[sinius C. f. Gallus]

First century AD

Year AD	Year AUC	Magistracy	Left column	Right column
1	755	Coss. Suf.	[C.] Caes. Aug. [f.]	[L. Aemilius Paulli f. Paullus] M. He[rennius M. f. M'. n. Picens]
2	756	Coss. Suf.	[P. Vinici]us [M. f. P. n.] [P. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio]	[P. Alfenus P. f. P. n. Varus] T. Quinctius T. f. Crispinus]
			Year 3 missing
4	758	Coss. Suf.	[Sex. Aelius Q. f. L. n. Catus] [Cn. Sentius C. f. Saturninus]	[C.] Se[ntius C. f. C. n. Saturninus] [C. Clodius] C. f. [Licinus]
5	759	Coss. Suf.	[L. Valerius Pot. f. Messalla] [C. Vibius C. f. C. n. Postimus]	[Cn. Cornelius L. f. Cinna] Mag[nus] [C.] Ateiu[s L. f. L. n. Capito]
6	760	Coss. Suf.	[M. Aemilius Paulli f. L. n. Lepidus]	L. Arruntius L. f. L. n.] [L. Nonius — f. Asprenas]
7	761	Coss. Suf.	[Q. Caecilius Q. f. Metellus Cr]etic[us]	[A. Licinius A. f. Nerva] — Luciliu]s Long[us]
8	762	Coss. Suf.	[M. Furlius Camillus] [L. A]proni[us]	[Sex. Noni]us Quinc[tilianus] [A. Vibius Habitus]
9	763	Coss. Suf.	[C. P]oppaeus Sa[binus] [M. Papius] Mutil[us]	[Q. Sulpicius Camerinus] [Q. Poppaeus Secundus]
10	764	Coss.	[P. Cornelius Dolabella]	[C. Junius Silanus]
			Years 11–16 missing
17	771	Coss.	[L. Pomponius L. f. Flaccus] [C. Vibius C. f. Marsus]	[C. Ca]elius [C. f. Rufus] L. Voluseiu[s — f. Proculus]
18	772	Coss. Suf.	[Ti. Caesar Augustus III] L. Seius L. f. T[ubero]	[Ge]rmanicus Ti. [Aug. f. Caesar II]
			Years 19–30 missing
31	785	Coss. Suf.	[Ti. Caesar Augustus V] [Faustus Cornelius — f. Sulla]	[L. Aelius Sejanus] [Sex.] Tediu[s — Catullus]
			Years 32, 33 missing
34	788	Coss.	[Paullus Fabius — f. — n. Per]sic[us]	[L. Vitellius — f. — n.]
			Year 35 missing
36	790	Coss. Suf.	[...]	[...] abd. [M. Porcius — f. Cato]
37	791	Coss. Suf.	[Cn. Acerronius — f. — n.] [C.] C[ae]s[ar Aug. Germanicus] A. Cae[c]in[a — f. Paetus]	[C. Pontius — f. — n.] [Ti. Claudius Germ]an[icus] [...]

Fasti Tauromenitani

Caption

Year BC	Year AUC	Magistracy	Consuls
39	715	Suf. Kal. Jul.? Suf. [...]	[P. Alfen]u[s] [C. Coc]ceiu[s]
38	716	Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept.	[Ap. Claudius] C. Norba[nus] L. Lentul[us] L. Philipp[us]
37	717	Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul.	[L. Ca]ninius M. Agrip[pa] T. Statil[ius]
36	718	Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept.	L. Gellius M. Cocce[ius] Q. Mar[cius] L. Noniu[s]
35	719	Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept.	L. Cornifici. Sex. Pom[peius] P. Dolab[ella] T. Peduc[aeus]
34	720	Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept.	L. Scriboni. L. Atra[tinus] Paul. Ae[milius] C. Mem[mius] [M. Herennius]
			Years 33–30 missing
29	725	Coss. Suf. Kal. Oct.	[I]mp. Caes[ar V] [Sex. Appuleius] [Potitus Valerius]
28	726	Coss. Suf. [...]	[I]mp. Cae[sar VI] [M. Agrippa II] [...]

Fasti Amiterni

Caption

Year BC	Year AUC	Magistracy	Left column	Right column	Other text
63	691	Coss.	M.Tullius Cicero	C. An[tonius]
62	692	Coss.	D. Junius Silanus	L. Lic[inius Murena]
61	693	Coss.	M. Pupius Piso Frugi	M. Vale[rius Messalla]
			Years 60–45 missing
44	710	Coss. Suf. Dict.	[C. Julius Caesar V] P. Cornelius Dolabell[a] [C. Julius Ca]esar	[M. Antonius M. f.]	[bellu]m civil. Mutinese cum M. [A]ntonio
43	711	Coss. Suf.	[C.] Vibius Pansa C. Julius divi f. Ca[esar] [P. Ventidius P. f.]	[A.] Hirtius A. f. Q. P[edius M. f.] [C. Carrinas C. f.]	bellum in cam[p]is Ph[ilippicis cum] M. Brut[o] e[t C. C]a[ssio]
42	712	Coss. Censs.	[M. Aemilius L]epidus [II] [C. Antonius M.] f.	[L. Munatius Plancus] [P. Sulpicius Rufus]	bellum Perusinu[m cum] L. Ant[o]nio
			Years 41–33 missing
32	722	Coss. Suf.	[Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus] [L. Cornelius Cinna]	[C. Sosius C. f.] [M. Valerius Messalla]	bellum Acties. class[iar.] cum M. Antonio
31	723	Coss. Suf.	Imp. divi f. III M. Titius L. f.	M. Valerius Messal. Corvin. Cn. Pompeius Q. f.
30	724	Coss. Suf.	[Imp. C]ae[sar divi f. IIII]	M. Licinius Crassus C. Antistius Vetus [M. T]ullius Cicero [L. Sae]nius L. f.	bell[a civilia p.] R. confect.
29	725	Coss.	Imp. C[aesar divi f. V]	[Sex. Appuleius Sex. f.]
28	726	Coss.		[M. Agrippa L. f. II]	in ma[g. censoria potestate lustrum fecerunt]

Notes for Roman titles and styles

Social orders (from Harper's):

• ordo equester, the equestrian order. (DGRA: ordo equestris)
• ordo sacerdotalis, the priestly order. (DGRA: ordo sacerdotum, per Festus)
• ordo senatorius, the senatorial order.
• amplissimus ordo, the Roman senate.
• ordo decurionum, the municipal senates.
• orders of libertini, scribae, tribuni aerarii, publicani. (DGRA: ordo aratorum?, per Cicero)
• uterque ordo, the senate and the equites together.

DGRA: ordo seviralium, the sexviri.

Eques (knight). Harper's: The equites were formed as a class under the kings, originally contributing a century for each of the Romulean tribes. They were subsequently increased to sixteen centuries, then eighteen under Servius Tullius. They were chosen by personal wealth, forming an aristocratic class, and the censors kept their number up to 1,800, dismissing those deemed unworthy and admitting new members as needed. They were provided a horse at state expense, a privilege extended to senators until the reforms of the Gracchi. They were bound to serve in up to ten military campaigns between the ages of 17 and 46, and then passed into the first censorial class. During the second century BC, the equites gradually lost their function as general cavalry, and came to be primarily a social order, from whom officers were selected. In 123 BC, Gaius Gracchus gave the equites the right to sit on juries, a task previously restricted to members of the senate, but this right was contested for the remainder of the Republic. The ordo equester lost most of its powers under Augustus, but membership became a prerequisite for most important military positions.

Illustres equites Romani (also insignes equites Romani or splendidi equites Romani), introduced by Augustus, a class of equites possessing the property of a senator. The eques had to be free-born, together with his father and grandfather.

Vir consularis (someone who held the rank of consul, usually as a former consul)

Patricius (late imperial title), from the time of Constantine an honorific given to the highest officials, not tied to a specific office or the senate. In the fifth century usually given to the leading generals; remained relatively exclusive until the time of Justinian.

Senatorial titles:

• Vir clarissimus, a very famous man, the style of all senators. An older title of courtesy, dating to the first and second centuries.
• Vir spectabilis, an admirable man, from latter part of the fourth century, ranking between a clarissumus and an illustris.
• Vir inlustris or illustris, an illustrious man, the highest rank among the senatorial elite. First appears in 354, not specifically senatorial, becoming regular perhaps in 372, and exclusive to the senate. Held in addition to the rank of clarissimus. By the middle of the fifth century, the active senators were illustres; the spectabiles and clarissimi who were not illustres ceased to take part in most business. By the time of Justinian all the senators were illustres, and high office holders held other titles:

• Vir magnificus, magnificentissimus, by the time of Justinian given to other high office holders, including the comites.
• Vir gloriosus, gloriosissimus, by the time of Justinian the highest rank of the senatorial aristocracy, a function previously filled by the title of illustris.

Brill's New Pauly Four grades of equestrian ranks recognized by Licinius in his decree of 317 (Licinius II 4, Codex Theodosianus 12, 1, 5, l. 5):

1. Vir perfectissimus
2. Vir ducenarius
3. Vir centenarius
4. Vir egregius (outstanding man), first encountered under Marcus Aurelius, became an official, non-inheritable title of office by 180/183, declined in importance during third century (as higher grades of equites were recognized, presumably)

All of which could be written in the reverse order.

Praenomen Bar Chart

Notes for Articles on Sabines, Oscans, Italic Peoples

OCD2:Italy The term "Italy" originally referred to just the toe of Italy, but the definition expanded from 450 BC to the Pyrrhic War, when it referred to everything south of Cisalpine Gaul and Liguria. In Augustus' time the term included everything south of the Alps. The Augustan poets used, among other terms, "Ausonia" (land of the Ausones); the Greeks "Opica" (strictly speaking, Campania).

"Long before the rise of Rome Italy was well populated and civilized from end to end. On the east coast were Illyrian immigrants: Veneti (?), Picentes, Messapii (qq.v.); these occasionally penetrated to the west. Hardy Sabelli (q.v.) and the related Umbrians and Volsci (qq.v.) held and tended to expand from the mountainous central regions. The southern coast-lands comprised Magna Graecia (q.v.). In the north Gauls began to settle c. 400. Various people inhabited the west; Ligurians, who were possibly of neolithic stock and originally held a wider area; Etruscans; Latini and the related Falisci and Hernici (qq.v.); Aurunci-Ausones and Oenotri (=Sicels?)..."

OCD2:Veneti "They may be of Illyrian extraction (cf. Hdt. 1. 196), although their surviving inscriptions (5th–1st c. B.C.) are not demonstrably in an Illyrian language. Archaeological evidence reveals that they immigrated into north Italy c. 950; here they preceded and later successfully resisted Etruscans and Gauls."

OCD2:Picenum "The inscriptions in the area fall into two groups: northern, from Novilara, Fano, and Pesaro, and southern (the so-called "Old Sabellic"), which, like the material culture of the region, has strong affinities with the opposite shores of the Adriatic."

OCD2:Messapii Immigrated into Calabria in the early iron age. Probably Illyrians, not Cretans. Inscriptions indicate that they spoke an Illyrian language. The Messapii proper are scarecely distinguishable from the Calabri and Sallentini (Salentini). The Peucetii (Poediculi) and Daunii also spoke Messapic. These people were collectively called Iapyges.

OCD2:Sabelli Not synonymous with Sabini. It is the Roman name for speakers of Oscan. They called themselves Safineis. Their original home was reputedly Sabine Amiternum, from which they expanded by proclaiming sacred springs and settling in fresh lands, imposing their language on and absorbing pre-Sabellian populations. This was the origin of the Samnites, Frentani, Campani, Lucani, Apuli, Bruttii, and Mamertini. The Paeligni, Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi, and Aequi (?), who spoke Oscan-type dialects, must have had a similar origin. They were more expansive than cohesive, and had no feeling of political unity. Examples cited: the Sabelli felt no unity with their ancestors, the Sabines, nor the Frentani with their ancestors, the Samnites. "Old Sabellic" is an inaccurate description applied to some untranslated inscriptions from Picenum; they may in fact be Illyrian.

OCD2:Sabini Origin is unknown; probably spoke Oscan; traditions relating to the absorption of Sabines into the early Roman population (i.e. Rape of the Sabine Women, Titus Tatius, Quirites) are probably grounded in fact.

OCD2:Umbrians Term used variously by both ancient and modern writers. A distinct Umbrian dialect of Italic is found in central Italy, and is closely related to Oscan.

OCD2:Volsci came from central Italy in the 6th century BC, and settled in the Liris valley and southeast of the Alban Hills by 500. Their language resembles Umbrian (cf. Festus, 204 L.).

OCD2:Aurunci Servius (ad Aen. 7. 727) identifies them with the Ausones (=Oscans), the prehistoric inhabitants of southern Italy (Ausonia).

OCD2:Oscans (Οπικοι, Opici, Pbsci, Osci). Prehistoric inhabitants of southern Italy. Their original habitat (Campania) gradually shrank. They may be identical with the historical Aurunci (Ausones). They were replaced by Sabelli, whose language came to be called Oscan. Samnites, Frentani, Campani, Lucani, Bruttii, Mamertini, and Apuli all spoke Oscan. The dialects of the central Italian Paeligni, Marrucini, Vestini, Marsi, Sabini, and Aequi (?) resembled Oscan. Oscan, Volscian, and Umbrian form one group of Italic languages; Latin and Faliscan form the other.

Gentilicia found in inscriptions, but not in list of Roman gentes

• Accius
• Acellius
• Aecilius
• Aefulanus (one Aefolanus)
• Aerarius
• Aerenus, Aerenius, Aerennius, Aerentius
• Aerius (one Aeirius)
• Aetrius
• Aetrilius
• Agrius
• Alfidius
• Allenius
• Allidius
• Allius
• Amaredius
• Ammius
• Anilius
• Aninius
• Annidius
• Aplius
• Apertius (also Appertius)
• Appaedius
• Areius
• Aristius
• Asidonius
• Asmunius
• Aterius
• Atidius
• Atregtius
• Atticius
• Attonius
• Auconius
• Audienus
• Audius
• Aufidienus
• Aufustius
• Aurunceius
• Avonius
• Babbius
• Babinius
• Badius
• Balbius
• Baienius or Baenius
• Barbius
• Bassaeus
• Bennius
• Betutius (perhaps add to Betucius)
• Betuvius or Vetuvius
• Birrius
• Blaesius
• Blattius
• Bombius
• Bononius
• Brittidius
• Brittius
• Bullatius
• Buttius
• Caenius or Caennius
• Caesernius
• Caetennius
• Caedius or Caidius
• Calicius
• Callonius
• Calpius
• Calvius
• Camelius
• Camerius
• Cammius
• Camurtius
• Candidius
• Caprasius
• Caprilius
• Careius
• Carfenus or Carfenius
• Carinius
• Caristius
• Carminius
• Cartilius
• Cascellius
• Catanius or Cattanius
• Celerius
• Cepidius
• Cerellius
• Cerrinius
• Cervidius
• Cervius
• Cetennius
• Cingonius (include Cingonius Varro)
• Clarennius
• Clatius
• Clavius
• Clovatius or Cluatius
• Clufennius
• Congius
• Connius
• Constantius (search in combination with praenomina)
• Corfidius (expand)
• Cossius
• Cossonius
• Cravonius
• Crispius
• Crittius
• Crixius or Crixsius
• Cupronius
• Curvius
• Cutilius
• Cutius
• Datius
• Decianus or Deccianus
• Decirius
• Decitius
• Dirvitius
• Dupilius
• Edusius (one Edussius)
• Elius
• Eprius
• Ergennius
• Esuvius
• Etrilius
• Etuvius
• Exomnius
• Faesasius
• Faianius
• Faltonius
• Faonius
• Farronius (probably the same as Farranius)
• Fictorius
• Figilius
• Firminius
• Fiscilius
• Fisius
• Flavidius
• Fremedius
• Fresidius or Fraesidius
• Frontinius
• Fullonius
• Funisulanus
• Funius
• Furfanius
• Futius
• Gargilius
• Garrius
• Gavillius
• Gemellius
• Gentius
• Giamillius (same as Gemellius?)
• Hennius
• Heredius
• Hetereius or Etereius
• Humanius
• Ingenuinius
• Ingenuius or Ingenius
• Instuleius
• Ippius
• Lartidius
• Leptina
• Lerius
• Levinius
• Limbricius
• Lisius
• Longidius (one Logidius)
• Lucanius or Lucanus
• Lusanius
• Lydacius
• Mactorius
• Magilius
• Magnius or Magneius
• Magrius
• Magulnius (anciently Macolnius, Maculnius, Magolnius)
• Maius
• Mallonius
• Mammius or Mamius
• Manneius
• Mansuetius
• Mantius
• Marcrinius
• Masculinius (or Masclinius)
• Maticius (Maticus in one case)
• Meclonius
• Meddignatius
• Mercello (!)
• Messenius
• Mindius
• Minisius
• Minuleius
• Minutius
• Modestius
• Mogetius
• Monnius
• Montanius
• Mundicius
• Mundius
• Murrasius
• Mursius
• Murtius
• Musius
• Mussius
• Naerius
• Nanneius
• Narius (perhaps Etruscan—one Aruns!)
• Naevidius
• Natrius
• Nellius
• Nemonius
• Nerianus
• Nervinius (possibly the same as Nerfinius)
• Nicius
• Noviolanus
• Obinius
• Opstorius or Opsturius
• Ostiensis
• Otius
• Paternius
• Perrius
• Pesidius
• Peticius
• Petidius
• Petiedius
• Pettius (and Petius)
• Picatius
• Picidius
• Pilonius
• Pitius
• Planius
• Plutius
• Pomentinus
• Portumius
• Primigenius (search using praenomina)
• Priminius
• Priscinius
• Probius
• Prusinius
• Publienus
• Pulfionius
• Pullius
• Raius
• Rapellius
• Rasticanus or Rasticanius
• Rausius
• Raventius
• Refrius
• Rossius
• Sacratorius
• Sallius
• Samiarius
• Sammius
• Sarronius
• Saturnius
• Scaefius (add to Scaevius?)
• Secundienus or Secundienius
• Segolatius
• Sertius
• Servandius
• Sestuleius
• Settidius
• Sevius
• Sincius
• Sollonius (same as Solonius, Salonius?)
• Sornius
• Speratius
• Stabilius
• Stabius
• Statutius
• Stlabius
• Stlaborius
• Stlanius
• Stronnius
• Sucius or Succius
• Sudius
• Sulfius
• Suestilius
• Talvonius
• Tamudius or Tammudius
• Tappetius
• Tapponius
• Tarcius
• Tatinius
• Telegennius or Telegenius
• Temonius
• Terpolius
• Tetricius
• Thorasius
• Timinius
• Tincius
• Tintirius
• Tinucius
• Tironius
• Titacius
• Titallius
• Titienus
• Titulius
• Titucius
• Tituleius
• Tolumnius
• Tongilius (one Toncilius)
• Tonneius
• Toranius
• Tossius
• Trausius
• Trosius
• Tudicius
• Turranius
• Umbilius
• Umbreius
• Umbrenus
• Urbanius
• Urbicius
• Urbinius
• Ursius (probably the same as Urseius)
• Urvinius or Urvinus or Urvineius
• Utilius
• Vaccius
• Valentius
• Valgius
• Vallius
• Vannius
• Vargunteius
• Variasius
• Varronius
• Vassius
• Vaternius
• Vehilius
• Veienius or Veianius
• Velitius
• Venafranus or Venafranius
• Venilius
• Vennonius or Venonius
• Ventilius
• Veponius
• Veracilius
• Veratius
• Verinius
• Vernasius
• Verulanus or Verulanius
• Vesclarius
• Veselius or Vessellius, probably the same as Visellius.
• Vesidius, Vessidius, Vesedius, Vessedius
• Vestilius
• Vettesius
• Vettenius, Vettennius, or Vetenius
• Vettienus
• Vibienus
• Vibuleius
• Vibulenus
• Vibullius or Vibulius
• Vicrius
• Victorinius
• Vigellius
• Vilonius
• Vindicius
• Vindillius or Vindilius
• Vindius
• Vindonius
• Vinucius
• Visidius
• Visinius
• Visius or Viseius
• Vitalinius
• Vitalius
• Vitius
• Vitullius
• Vivatius
• Vivius
• Voesius
• Volteius (one Vulteius)
• Voltius
• Volturnius
• Voluntilius
• Vorenus (combine with Vorenius)
• Votienus

Miscellaneous stuff

I randomly came across this discussion at Talk:Jonathan Glazer and just found Blotski's reply hilarious—and agree with it. I've often thought about the curious creature that he calls "offense by proxy", so I decided to copy the discussion here—otherwise I'll never be able to find it again!

Jewish People not "Jew"

"But other Jews condemned Glazer's speech. Jewish columnists John Podhoretz and Batya Ungar-Sargon criticized Glazer for using the words 'men who refute their Jewishness'"

I know that using "Jew" as shorthand for Jewish people is common, but I think when the situation is so polarized we need to take extra care. Jack-Vidence (talk) 20:58, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

Good point. I made the change. Up the Walls (talk) 00:57, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Erm, is this a case of exaggerated 'offence by proxy'. I am a Jew. I find nothing in the word to take offence at. Please watch Stephen Fry's recent video on Youtube 'I am a Jew'. Do I need to avoid the word Jew and describe myself as 'a Jewish Person' or of 'Jewish descent' to stop you feeling offended on my behalf or to prevent myself from offending myself? Although I understand your attitude is well meant and kind, I actually find it really patronising. I am a Jew. Try not to wince. Blotski (talk) 11:31, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Ben Sales said in the Washington Post that "‘Jew’ isn’t a slur. You don’t have to avoid saying it."

But if some people prefer "Jewish people" over "Jews", why not use "Jewish people"? Up the Walls (talk) 13:11, 17 March 2024 (UTC)