User:Mr. Ibrahem/Nail clubbing
| Nail clubbing | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Clubbing, drumstick fingers, Hippocratic fingers,[1] digital clubbing, watch-glass nails,[2] acropachy[3] |
 | |
| Clubbing | |
| Specialty | Pulmonology |
| Usual onset | Over weeks[1] |
| Risk factors | Lung cancer, lung infections, COPD, interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, certain medications, genetics, unknown[1][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Examination[4] |
| Treatment | Based on the underlying cause[1] |
| Frequency | 1% of internal medicine patients[1] |
Nail clubbing, also known as digital clubbing, is a rounded enlargement of the finger or toe nails.[1][3] Usually both sides are involved and there is a lack of pain.[3] Onset may occur over a two week period and if the underlying cause is corrected may resolve over a similar period of time.[1] When it occurs together with joint pain and swelling, and abnormal skin and bone growth it is known as hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.[5]
Clubbing is associated with lung cancer, lung infections, COPD, interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, and certain medications.[1][4] Clubbing may also run in families or occur without any identifiable cause.[1] The underlying mechanism involves thickening of primarily the early part of the nail bed.[6] Diagnosis is based on examination.[4]
Treatment is based on the underlying cause.[1] Rates of clubbing are unknown; it was present in about 1% of people admitted to an internal medicine unit of a hospital.[1] Clubbing has described since the time of Hippocrates.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Burcovschii, S; Aboeed, A (January 2020). "Nail Clubbing". PMID 30969535.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ a b c McPhee, SJ; Walker, HK; Hall, WD; Hurst, JW (1990). "Clubbing". PMID 21250207.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d Tully, AS; Trayes, KP; Studdiford, JS (15 April 2012). "Evaluation of nail abnormalities". American family physician. 85 (8): 779–87. PMID 22534387.
- ^ Krugh, M; Vaidya, PN (January 2019). "Osteoarthropathy Hypertrophic". PMID 31082012.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Tosti, Antonella (2020). "413. Diseases of hair and nails". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 2660. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-31.