User:Mr. Ibrahem/Esophageal cancer

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Esophageal cancer
Other namesOesophageal cancer
Endoscopic image of an esophageal adenocarcinoma
SpecialtyOncology, general surgery
SymptomsDifficulty swallowing, weight loss, hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes around the collarbone, vomiting blood[1]
TypesEsophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma[2]
Risk factorsSmoking tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, chewing betel nut, obesity, acid reflux[3][4]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy[5]
TreatmentSurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy[5]
PrognosisFive-year survival rates ~15%[1][6]
Frequency746,000 affected as of 2015[7]
Deaths509,000 (2018)[8]

Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach.[2] Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss.[1] Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around the collarbone, a dry cough, and possibly coughing up or vomiting blood.[1]

The two main sub-types of the disease are esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (often abbreviated to ESCC),[9] which is more common in the developing world, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which is more common in the developed world.[2] A number of less common types also occur.[2] Squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the epithelial cells that line the esophagus.[10] Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular cells present in the lower third of the esophagus, often where they have already transformed to intestinal cell type (a condition known as Barrett's esophagus).[2][11] Causes of the squamous-cell type include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, and chewing betel nut.[3][4] The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco, obesity, and acid reflux.[3]

The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera).[5] Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet.[1][2] Treatment is based on the cancer's stage and location, together with the person's general condition and individual preferences.[5] Small localized squamous-cell cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure.[5] In most other cases, chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery.[5] Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.[2] In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery, palliative care is often recommended.[5]

As of 2018, esophageal cancer was the eighth-most common cancer globally with 572,000 new cases during the year. It caused about 509,000 deaths that year, up from 345,000 in 1990.[8][12] Rates vary widely among countries, with about half of all cases occurring in China.[2] It is around three times more common in men than in women.[2] Outcomes are related to the extent of the disease and other medical conditions, but generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis is often late.[2][13] Five-year survival rates are around 13% to 18%.[1][6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Ferri, FF, ed. (2012). "Tumors". Ferri's clinical advisor 2013. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby (Elsevier). pp. 389–391. ISBN 978-0323083737. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Montgomery, EA; et al. (2014). "Oesophageal Cancer". In Stewart, BW; Wild, CP (eds.). World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. pp. 528–543. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  3. ^ a b c Zhang, HZ; Jin, GF; Shen, HB (Jun 2012). "Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations". Chinese Journal of Cancer. 31 (6): 281–6. doi:10.5732/cjc.011.10390. PMC 3777490. PMID 22507220.
  4. ^ a b Akhtar, S (February 2013). "Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies". Cancer Causes & Control. 24 (2): 257–65. doi:10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9. PMID 23224324.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Stahl, M; Mariette, C; Haustermans, K; Cervantes, A; Arnold, D; ESMO Guidelines Working, Group (Oct 2013). "Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up". Annals of Oncology. 24 Suppl 6: vi51–6. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt342. PMID 24078662. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23.
  6. ^ a b "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophageal Cancer". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  7. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b "Esophageal Cancer Factsheet" (PDF). Global Cancer Observatory. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  9. ^ Even by those using the British English spelling "oesophagus"
  10. ^ Kelsen, David (2007). Gastrointestinal oncology: principles and practices (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 4. ISBN 9780781776172. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.
  11. ^ Whittemore, edited by David Schottenfeld, Joseph F. Fraumeni Jr.; associate editors, Graham A. Colditz, Jonathan M. Samet, Alice S. (2006). Cancer epidemiology and prevention (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 697. ISBN 9780199747979. Archived from the original on 2015-10-31. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T; Aggarwal, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMID 23245604. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ (2003). "Esophageal cancer" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (23): 2241–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035010. PMID 14657432. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14.
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