User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cervical cancer

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Cervical cancer
Location of cervical cancer and an example of normal and abnormal cells
Pronunciation
  • UK: /sɜːˈvaɪ.kl/,US: /ˈsərvɪkl/[1]
SpecialtyOncology
SymptomsEarly: none[2]
Later: vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during sexual intercourse[2]
Usual onsetOver 10 to 20 years[3]
TypesSquamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, others[4]
CausesHuman papillomavirus infection (HPV)[5][6]
Risk factorsSmoking, weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, many sexual partners or a partner with many sexual partners[2][4][7]
Diagnostic methodCervical screening followed by a biopsy[2]
PreventionRegular cervical screening, HPV vaccines, condoms[8][9]
TreatmentSurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy[2]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate:
68% (US)
46% (India)[10]
Frequency570,000 new cases (2018)[11]
Deaths311,000 (2018)[11]

Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix.[2] It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[12] Early on, typically no symptoms are seen.[2] Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse.[2] While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.[13]

Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) causes more than 90% of cases;[5][6] most people who have had HPV infections, however, do not develop cervical cancer.[3][14] Other risk factors include smoking, a weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners, but these are less important.[2][4] Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes over 10 to 20 years.[3] About 90% of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas, 10% are adenocarcinoma, and a small number are other types.[4] Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed by a biopsy.[2] Medical imaging is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread.[2]

HPV vaccines protect against two to seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers.[9][15][16] As a risk of cancer still exists, guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap tests.[9] Other methods of prevention include having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms.[8] Cervical cancer screening using the Pap test or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes, which when treated, can prevent the development of cancer.[17] Treatment may consist of some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.[2] Five-year survival rates in the United States are 68%.[18] Outcomes, however, depend very much on how early the cancer is detected.[4]

Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women.[3] In 2012, an estimated 528,000 cases of cervical cancer occurred, with 266,000 deaths.[3] This is about 8% of the total cases and total deaths from cancer.[19] About 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in developing countries.[3][20] In low-income countries, it is one of the most common causes of cancer death.[17] In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cervical cancer.[21] In medical research, the most famous immortalized cell line, known as HeLa, was developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman named Henrietta Lacks.[22]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "CERVICAL | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 2014-03-14. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.12. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 2014-03-14. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  5. ^ a b Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 718–721. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
  6. ^ a b Kufe, Donald (2009). Holland-Frei cancer medicine (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 1299. ISBN 9781607950141. Archived from the original on 2015-12-01.
  7. ^ Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S (2007). "The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer". Disease Markers. 23 (4): 213–27. doi:10.1155/2007/914823. PMC 3850867. PMID 17627057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ a b "Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 2014-02-27. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  9. ^ a b c "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines". National Cancer Institute. 2011-12-29. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  10. ^ "Global Cancer Facts & Figures 3rd Edition" (PDF). 2015. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-22. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  11. ^ a b Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". Ca. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593.
  12. ^ "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 2007-09-17. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  13. ^ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Dunne EF, Park IU (December 2013). "HPV and HPV-associated diseases". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 27 (4): 765–78. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.001. PMID 24275269.
  15. ^ "FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  16. ^ Tran NP, Hung CF, Roden R, Wu TC (2014). Control of HPV infection and related cancer through vaccination. Vol. 193. pp. 149–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_9. ISBN 978-3-642-38964-1. PMID 24008298. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b World Health Organization (February 2014). "Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer". Archived from the original on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  18. ^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri Cancer". NCI. National Cancer Institute. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  19. ^ World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  20. ^ "Cervical cancer prevention and control saves lives in the Republic of Korea". World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  21. ^ Canavan TP, Doshi NR (March 2000). "Cervical cancer". American Family Physician. 61 (5): 1369–76. PMID 10735343. Archived from the original on 2005-02-06.
  22. ^ Jr, Charles E. Carraher (2014). Carraher's polymer chemistry (Ninth ed.). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. p. 385. ISBN 9781466552036. Archived from the original on 2015-10-22.
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