User:Mr. Ibrahem/Bell's palsy
| Bell's palsy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A person attempting to show his teeth and raise his eyebrows with Bell's palsy on his right side (left side of the image; notice how the forehead is also weak). | |
| Specialty | Neurology, ENT |
| Symptoms | Inability to move the facial muscles on one side, change in taste, pain around the ear[1] |
| Usual onset | Over 48 hours[1] |
| Duration | <6 months[1] |
| Causes | Unknown[1] |
| Risk factors | Diabetes, recent upper respiratory tract infection[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Brain tumor, stroke, Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, Lyme disease[2] |
| Treatment | Corticosteroids, eye drops, eyepatch[1][3] |
| Prognosis | Most recover completely[1] |
| Frequency | 1–4 per 10,000 per year[2] |
Bell's palsy is a type of facial paralysis that results in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side.[1] Symptoms can vary from mild to severe.[1] They may include muscle twitching, weakness, or total loss of the ability to move one or rarely both sides of the face.[1] Other symptoms include drooping of the eyelid, a change in taste, pain around the ear, and increased sensitivity to sound.[1] Typically symptoms come on over 48 hours.[1]
The cause of Bell's palsy is unknown.[1] Risk factors include diabetes, a recent upper respiratory tract infection, and pregnancy.[1][4] It results from a dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve).[1] Many believe that this is due to a viral infection that results in swelling.[1] Diagnosis is based on a person's appearance and ruling out other possible causes.[1] Other conditions that can cause facial weakness include brain tumor, stroke, Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, myasthenia gravis, and Lyme disease.[2]
The condition normally gets better by itself with most achieving normal or near-normal function.[1] Corticosteroids have been found to improve outcomes, while antiviral medications may be of a small additional benefit.[5] The eye should be protected from drying up with the use of eye drops or an eyepatch.[1] Surgery is generally not recommended.[1] Often signs of improvement begin within 14 days, with complete recovery within six months.[1] A few may not recover completely or have a recurrence of symptoms.[1]
Bell's palsy is the most common cause of one-sided facial nerve paralysis (70%).[2][6] It occurs in 1 to 4 per 10,000 people per year.[2] About 1.5% of people are affected at some point in their lives.[7] It most commonly occurs in people between ages 15 and 60.[1] Males and females are affected equally.[1] It is named after Scottish surgeon Charles Bell (1774–1842), who first described the connection of the facial nerve to the condition.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Bell's Palsy Fact Sheet". NINDS. February 5, 2016. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Fuller, G; Morgan, C (31 March 2016). "Bell's palsy syndrome: mimics and chameleons". Practical Neurology. 16 (6): 439–44. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2016-001383. PMID 27034243.
- ^ Madhok, VB; Gagyor, I; Daly, F; Somasundara, D; Sullivan, M; Gammie, F; Sullivan, F (18 July 2016). "Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD001942. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001942.pub5. PMC 6457861. PMID 27428352.
- ^ Hussain, A; Nduka, C; Moth, P; Malhotra, R (May 2017). "Bell's facial nerve palsy in pregnancy: a clinical review". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : The Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 37 (4): 409–15. doi:10.1080/01443615.2016.1256973. PMID 28141956.
- ^ Gagyor, Ildiko; Madhok, Vishnu B.; Daly, Fergus; Somasundara, Dhruvashree; Sullivan, Michael; Gammie, Fiona; Sullivan, Frank (2015-11-09). "Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD001869. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001869.pub8. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 26559436. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
- ^ Dickson, Gretchen (2014). Primary Care ENT, An Issue of Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 138. ISBN 978-0323287173. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20.
- ^ Grewal, D. S. (2014). Atlas of Surgery of the Facial Nerve: An Otolaryngologist's Perspective. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 978-9350905807. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20.