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Islam (/ˈɪslɑːm/;[note 1] Arabic: الإسلام, IPA: [alʔisˈlaːm] ⓘ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God (Allah)[1] and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God.[2][3][4][5][6] It is the world's second-largest religion[7] and the fastest-growing major religion in the world,[8][9][10] with over 1.7 billion followers[11] or 23% of the global population,[7] known as Muslims.[12] Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique;[13] and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE). The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.[14]

Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.[15][16][17] As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God.[18] Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment.[19][20] Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches resurrection of the dead, a final tribulation and eternal division of the righteous and wicked.[21] Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitna, malāḥim (الملاحم, meaning bloody fights, massacres), Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (The Great Massacre), or ghaybah in Shī‘a Islam. The righteous are rewarded with pleasures of Jannah "Paradise", while the unrighteous are punished in Jahannam "Hell". The Mahdi (prophesied redeemer) will be sent and with the help of Jesus, will battle Masih ad-Dajjal (Antichrist in Islam). They will triumph, liberating Islam from cruelty, and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values.[22]

In 610 CE, when Muhammad was about forty years old, he began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations.[23] Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from notables of Mecca.[24] In 618, after he lost protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib, Muhammad took flight to the city of Yathrib (subsequently called Medina) where he was joined by his followers. With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community which eventually led to the First Fitna. The dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Hussein ibn Ali and his household were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community. By the 8th century, the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus river in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyads (in the Middle East and later in Iberia), Abbasids, Fatimids, and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world. The Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent. Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe.[25] By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal Empire in India.[26] The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924.[27][28]

Most Muslims are of one of two denominations:[29][30] Sunni (75–90%)[31] or Shia (10–20%).[32] Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, the Sahel,[33][34][35][36] Central Asia, Indonesia and some other parts of Asia.[37] About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia,[38] the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in South Asia,[39][40] the largest population of Muslims in the world,[41] 23% in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA),[42] and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.[43] Sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Swahili coast, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.


Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ quran.com: [1]
  2. ^ Mary Strong; Laena Wilder (1 May 2013). Viewpoints: Visual Anthropologists at Work. University of Texas Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-292-75613-7.
  3. ^ John Renard (19 January 2015). The Handy Islam Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-1-57859-544-0.
  4. ^ Dyron B. Daughrity (2010). The Changing World of Christianity: The Global History of a Borderless Religion. Peter Lang. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4331-0452-7.
  5. ^ William D. Wunderle (2008). A Manual for American Servicemen in the Arab Middle East: Using Cultural Understanding to Defeat Adversaries and Win the Peace. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-1-60239-277-9.
  6. ^ Harold G. Koenig; Saad Al Shohaib (17 May 2014). Health and Well-Being in Islamic Societies: Background, Research, and Applications. Springer. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-3-319-05873-3.
  7. ^ a b "The Global Religious Landscape". Pew Forum. 18 December 2012.
  8. ^ Burke, Daniel (April 4, 2015). "The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  9. ^ Lippman, Thomas W. (2008-04-07). "No God But God". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2013-09-24. Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.
  10. ^ PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today.
  11. ^ "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  12. ^ According to Oxford Dictionaries, "Muslim is the preferred term for 'follower of Islam,' although Moslem is also widely used."
  13. ^ Juan E. Campo, ed. (2009). "Allah". Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts on File. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.
  14. ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (2008), The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine, New York, p. 79, ISBN 978-0-307-47290-8{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ "People of the Book". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  16. ^ Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality. Leiden [u.a.: Brill. Page 177
  17. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html, retrieved 10-1-2016
  18. ^ Bennett (2010, p. 101)
  19. ^ Esposito (2002b, p. 17)
  20. ^ * Esposito (2002b, pp. 111, 112, 118)
    • "Shari'ah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  21. ^ [2]
  22. ^ Yahya, Harun (12 May 2010). Portents And Features Of The Mahdi's Coming. Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.
  23. ^ "Key themes in these early recitations include the idea of the moral responsibility of man who was created by God and the idea of the judgment to take place on the day of resurrection. [...] Another major theme of Muhammad's early preaching, [... is that] there is a power greater than man's, and that the wise will acknowledge this power and cease their greed and suppression of the poor." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed., "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 363.
  24. ^ "At first Muhammad met with no serious opposition [...] He was only gradually led to attack on principle the gods of Mecca. [...] Meccan merchants then discovered that a religious revolution might be dangerous to their fairs and their trade." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed., "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 364.
  25. ^ "Ottoman Empire". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  26. ^ Lapidus (2002), pp.358,378–380,624
  27. ^ Lapidus (2002), pp.380,489–493
  28. ^ "New Turkey". Al-Ahram Weekly. No. 488. 29 June – 5 July 2000. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
  29. ^ Harney, John (January 3, 2016). "How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  30. ^ Almukhtar, Sarah; Peçanha, Sergio; Wallace, Tim (January 5, 2016). "Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sunni-eb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Shia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ "Muslim Population by Country". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  34. ^ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  35. ^ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  36. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) ISBN 978-0-85229-956-2 p.306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham, (A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total population. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007.
  37. ^ Britannica, Think Quest, Wadsworth.com Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Miller (2009, pp. 8, 17)
  39. ^ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013-01-01). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 9780415448512.
  40. ^ Street, 1615 L.; NW; Washington, Suite 800; Inquiries, DC 20036 202 419 4300 | Main 202 419 4349 | Fax 202 419 4372 | Media (2015-04-02). "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2017-02-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The. "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-02-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Middle East-North Africa Overview". 7 October 2009.
  43. ^ Cite error: The named reference mgmpPRC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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