User:Kvwiki1234/Company rule in India

Company rule in India
Company rule in India
1757–1858
	Flag
	Areas of South Asia under Company rule (a) 1774–1804 and (b) 1805–1858 shown in two shades of pink
Status	British colony
Capital	Calcutta (1757–1858)
Common languages	Official: 1773–1858: English; 1773–1836: Persian 1837–1858: primarily Urdu; but also: Languages of South Asia.
Government	Administered by the East India Company functioning as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown and regulated by the British Parliament.
Governor-General
• 1774–1785 (first)	Warren Hastings
• 1857–1858 (last)	Charles Canning
Historical era	Early modern
• Battle of Plassey	23 June 1757
• Treaty of Allahabad	16 August 1765
•	2 August 1858
• Dissolution of the Company and assumption of direct administration by the British crown	2 August 1858
Area
1858	1,940,000 km2 (750,000 sq mi)
Currency	Rupee
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Mughal Empire
	Maratha Empire
	Sikh Empire
	Ahom kingdom
British Raj

^ ^a ^b Garcia, Humberto (2020), England Re-Oriented: How Central and South Asian Travelers Imagined the West, 1750–1857, Cambridge University Press, p. 128, ISBN 978-1-108-49564-6, "Hindoostanee" was instrumental for Company rule in that Gilchrist's grammar books, dictionaries, and translations helped to standardize Urdu as an official language for lower level judicial courts and revenue administration in 1837, replacing Persian.
^ ^a ^b Schiffman, Harold (2011), Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice, BRILL, p. 11, ISBN 978-90-04-20145-3, In 1837 Urdu was formally adopted by the British, in place of Perisan, as the language of interaction between the Government (which from then on conducted its affairs in English) and the local population.
^ Everaert, Christine (2009), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation between 20th Century Short Stories, BRILL, pp. 253–, ISBN 978-90-04-18223-3, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.
^ Bayly, Christopher Alan (1999), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870, Cambridge University Press, p. 286, ISBN 978-0-521-66360-1, Paradoxically, many British also clung to Persian. Indeed, the so-called Urdu that replaced Persian as the court language after 1837 was recognisably Persian as far as its nouns were concerned. The courtly heritage of Persian was also to exercise a constraint on the British cultivation of Hindustani/Urdu.
^ John Barnhill (14 May 2014). R. W. McColl (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3.

[Garcia2020-1] Garcia, Humberto (2020), England Re-Oriented: How Central and South Asian Travelers Imagined the West, 1750–1857, Cambridge University Press, p. 128, ISBN 978-1-108-49564-6, "Hindoostanee" was instrumental for Company rule in that Gilchrist's grammar books, dictionaries, and translations helped to standardize Urdu as an official language for lower level judicial courts and revenue administration in 1837, replacing Persian.

[Schiffman2011-2] Schiffman, Harold (2011), Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice, BRILL, p. 11, ISBN 978-90-04-20145-3, In 1837 Urdu was formally adopted by the British, in place of Perisan, as the language of interaction between the Government (which from then on conducted its affairs in English) and the local population.

[Everaert2009-3] Everaert, Christine (2009), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation between 20th Century Short Stories, BRILL, pp. 253–, ISBN 978-90-04-18223-3, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

[BaylyBayly1999-4] Bayly, Christopher Alan (1999), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870, Cambridge University Press, p. 286, ISBN 978-0-521-66360-1, Paradoxically, many British also clung to Persian. Indeed, the so-called Urdu that replaced Persian as the court language after 1837 was recognisably Persian as far as its nouns were concerned. The courtly heritage of Persian was also to exercise a constraint on the British cultivation of Hindustani/Urdu.

[5] John Barnhill (14 May 2014). R. W. McColl (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3.

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