User:JustinePorto/Public toilets in West Virginia
| Public toilets in West Virginia | |
|---|---|
 Bunk and toilet at the West Virginia State Penitentiary, a retired, gothic-style prison in Moundsville, West Virginia, that operated from 1876 to 1995 | |
| Language of toilets | |
| Local words | washroom |
| Men's toilets | Men |
| Women's toilets | Women |
| Public toilet statistics | |
| Toilets per 100,000 people | 6 (2021) |
| Total toilets | ?? |
| Public toilet use | |
| Type | Western style sit toilet |
| Locations | ??? |
| Average cost | free |
| Often equipped with | toilet paper |
| Percent accessible | ??? |
| Date first modern public toilets | ??? |
| . | |
Public toilets in West Virginia, commonly called restrooms, are found at a rate of six per 100,000 people. Public toilets were built to combat disease. They were later built to improve sanitation conditions. They were constructed in the 1930s to improve general public toilet access. Public toilets have been involved in segregationist policies.
Public toilets[edit]
washroom is one of the most commonly used words for public toilet in the United States.[1] Euphemisms are often used to avoid discussing the purpose of toilets. Words used include toilet, restroom, bathroom, lavatory and john.[2]
A 2021 study found there were six public toilets per 100,000 people.[3]
History[edit]
The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission was founded in 1909 to combat hookworm disease in the South. A survey was done of 11 southern states, which confirmed the presence of hookworm in 700 countries. A chief cause of spread of hookworm disease as open defecation in farmland. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission program helped install public toilets and promote their use as part of their efforts to reduce hookworm disease. This was coupled with offering free exams and health treatment for hookworm disease.[4]
Dr. L. L. Lumsden and his coworkers at the Public Health Service did a house-to-house survey of sanitation conditions in 18 counties located across 16 different stated between 1914 and 1917. The results of the survey helped convince local governments in West Virginia, Indiana and Washington that investing in public toilets was a good investment for their communities.[4] The Works Progress Administration during the 1930s tried to increase access to public toilets across the United States. Their focus though tended to be on building such facilities in national parks and other civic areas, not at improving access in urban environments. In the end, they constructed 2,911,323 outhouses, which they officially called sanitary privies. Colloquially, they were referred to as Roosevelt rooms.[5] The greatest number of these facilities were constructed in West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Mississippi. One of the consequences of the large number of additional public toilet facilities in these states was the number of cases of typhoid fever dropped.[4]
There was a push back against building public toilets in Jim Crow states during the period between 1865 and 1960, because it meant that local governments were not just required to build two toilets, one for men and one for women, but four toilets, one each for men and women who were white and who were colored.[5] Racially segregated public toilets were very common in the 1960s.[5]
Gavin Grimm filed a lawsuit challenging Gloucester County School Board's rule that said students must use the public toilet that matches with their sex and not their gender identity or use a single occupancy toilet in 2016. The case saw an appeals court decided that the rule was in violation of Title IX. An earlier court had said it was not a violation. An appeal was made to the Supreme Court decided in June 2021 not to look at the case, and instead left in place the 2020 Richmond-based 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals that said it was a Title IX violation. Failure to take the case, with Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito indicating they would have liked to, meant that the decision was only applicable to Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia whose jurisdiction is covered by the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.[6][7]
References[edit]
- ^ Hess, Nico (2019-08-04). Introducing Global Englishes. Scientific e-Resources. ISBN 978-1-83947-299-2.
- ^ Farb, Peter (2015-08-19). Word Play: What Happens When People Talk. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-97129-1.
- ^ QS Supplies (11 October 2021). "Which Cities Have The Most and Fewest Public Toilets?". QS Supplies. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ a b c Tisdale, E. S.; Atkins, C. H. (November 1943). "The Sanitary Privy and Its Relation to Public Health". American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 33 (11): 1319–1322. doi:10.2105/AJPH.33.11.1319. ISSN 0002-9572. PMC 1527454. PMID 18015900.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c Yuko, Elizabeth (5 November 2021). "Where Did All the Public Bathrooms Go?". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ "US Supreme Court blocks transgender toilet ruling". BBC News. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ Hurley, Lawrence; Hurley, Lawrence (2021-06-28). "Transgender student wins as U.S. Supreme Court rebuffs bathroom appeal". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
