User:Integbi11editor/Western skink
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Defensive behavior (copied from main article)[edit]
Young western skinks have a bright blue tail with color that fades with age. Skinks can perform autotomy; if seized by a predator its tail is deliberately cast and wriggles violently attracting attention while the lizard may escape.[1] The tail will grow back with time but is often darker in color and misshapen. It will play dead, but this behavior is rarely seen.
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Predators and Defensive behavior (with changes and changed title)[edit]
Western skinks are hunted by mammalian, avian, and reptilian predators.[2] In Idaho, their predators include night snakes, striped whipsnakes, and raptors.[3]
Young western skinks have a bright blue tail with color that fades with age. Skinks can perform autotomy; if seized by a predator its tail is deliberately cast and wriggles violently attracting attention while the lizard may escape.[1] The tail will grow back with time but is often darker in color and misshapen. It will play dead, but this behavior is rarely seen.
Behavior (copied from main article)[edit]
The western skink is a secretive and very agile lizard that forages actively through leaf litter and dense vegetation, preying upon small invertebrates including spiders, a variety of insects and sow bugs.[4] Crickets, beetles, moths, grasshoppers, and other arthropods have been found in the stomachs of skinks.[5] Prey is sometimes stalked and cannibalism has been reported.[6] It is a good burrower and sometimes constructs burrows several times its own body length.
Behavior (with changes)[edit]
The western skink is a secretive and very agile lizard that forages actively through leaf litter and dense vegetation, preying upon small invertebrates including spiders, a variety of insects and sow bugs.[4] Crickets, beetles, moths, grasshoppers, and other arthropods have been found in the stomachs of skinks.[7] Prey is sometimes stalked and cannibalism has been reported.[8] It is a good burrower and sometimes constructs burrows several times its own body length.
Females take great care of their eggs. Western skink females construct nest chambers that are several centimeters deep in loose moist soil. Typically these chambers are located under surface objects, especially flat stones, logs, and sometimes in or near rock outcrops.[9] The females remain guarding the nest until the young leave the nest.[3] Female western skinks will defend their nests from predators, repair their nests, and even bask in the sun and then return to the nest to provide additional heat.[3]
Life history (copied from main article)[edit]
This skink is diurnal during the period of warm-season activity. During summer most activity is concentrated in the morning and late afternoon. Where summer temperatures are not extreme, activity extends throughout the day. Adult skinks usually become inactive by early fall but juveniles extend their period of activity several weeks.
The reproductive season for this species varies geographically and from year to year depending on local conditions. Mating probably occurs in the spring soon after emergence. Males turn orange on the underside when they are breeding. Females lay 2–6 eggs during June and July. Western skink females construct nest chambers that are several centimeters deep in loose moist soil. Typically these chambers are located under surface objects, especially flat stones, logs, and sometimes in or near rock outcrops.[9]
Young western skinks probably hatch in late summer, and sexual maturity may occur at 2 years of age, but most individuals probably do not reproduce until they are 3 years old. Western skinks can reach an age of up to 10 years.
Life history (with changes, some info moved to the behavior section)[edit]
This skink is diurnal during the period of warm-season activity. During summer most activity is concentrated in the morning and late afternoon. Where summer temperatures are not extreme, activity extends throughout the day. Adult skinks usually become inactive by early fall but juveniles extend their period of activity several weeks. The length of time they are inactive varies depending on the climate of the area.[3] During their hibernation period, western skinks remain in communal dens.[2]
The reproductive season for this species varies geographically and from year to year depending on local conditions. Mating probably occurs in the spring soon after emergence. Males turn orange on the underside when they are breeding. Females lay 2–6 eggs during June and July.
Western skinks' eggs hatch in the months of July and August; the exact time differs by geographic location. They reach sexual maturity at around 3 years, and live up to 9 years[2]
Habitat (copied from main article)[edit]
Found in a variety of habitats from sea level to at least 2,130 m (7,000 ft), the western skink is commonest in early successional stages or open areas within habitats in which it occurs. Heavy brush and densely forested areas are generally avoided. The western skink seems to prefer a somewhat moist environment, although it can also be found on dry hillsides. Frequents grassland, broken chaparral, pinon-juniper and juniper-sage woodland, and open pine-oak and pine forests.[1] The soil of its nest chambers is invariably moist. Standing water is apparently not required.
Habitat (with changes)[edit]
Found in a variety of habitats from sea level to at least 2,130 m (7,000 ft), the western skink is commonest in early successional stages or open areas within habitats in which it occurs. Heavy brush and densely forested areas are generally avoided. The western skink seems to prefer a somewhat moist environment, although it can also be found on dry hillsides. Frequents grassland, broken chaparral, pinon-juniper and juniper-sage woodland, and open pine-oak and pine forests.[1] The soil of its nest chambers is invariably moist. Standing water is apparently not required.
Although Western skinks avoid forests, they are found in dry areas within forested areas.[10]
Bibliography[edit]
- This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, so it should be a reliable source for a specific fact. Since it only dedicates a few sentences to the topic, it can't be used to establish notability.
- COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Western Skink Eumeces skiltonianus in Canada, found at https://registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_western_skink_e.pdf, citation is provided in the document[2]
- Eumeces skiltonianus (Western Skink), found at https://digitalatlas.cose.isu.edu/bio/reptile/lacer/eusk/euskfram.htm, author is John Cossel Jr. 1997[3]
- OCCURRENCES OF THE WESTERN SKINK (EUMECES SKILTONIANUS) IN GRASSLANDS OF WESTERN MONTANA, found at https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2001/rmrs_2001_ortega_y001.pdf[10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xii + 533 pp. ISBN 0-395-98272-3. (Eumeces skiltonianus, pp. 312-314 + Plate36 + Map 110).
- ^ a b c d Ovaska, K.E. and C. Engelstoft. 2002. COSEWIC status report on the western skink Eumeces skiltonianus in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the western skink Eumeces skiltonianus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-19 pp.
- ^ a b c d e Cossel Jr., John (1997). "Eumeces skiltonianus (Western Skink)".
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Steb1985was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Taylo r, E.H. (1936) [1935]. "A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan lizards of the genus Eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationship of its species". University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 23: 1–643.
- ^ Zweifel, Richard G. (1952). "Notes on the lizards of the Coronados Islands, Baja California, Mexico". Herpetologica. 8 (2): 9–11. JSTOR 20171229.
- ^ Taylo r, E.H. (1936) [1935]. "A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan lizards of the genus Eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationship of its species". University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 23: 1–643.
- ^ Zweifel, Richard G. (1952). "Notes on the lizards of the Coronados Islands, Baja California, Mexico". Herpetologica. 8 (2): 9–11. JSTOR 20171229.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
WTan1957was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Yvette Ortega &, Dean Pearson (2001). "OCCURRENCES OF THE WESTERN SKINK (EUMECES SKILTONIANUS) IN GRASSLANDS OF WESTERN MONTANA". NORTHWESTERN NATURALIST (82): 125–126.