User:Donald Trung/Won (圓) expansion (October 2019)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Korean won" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/921828380
- Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 05:04, 18 October 2019 (UTC) .

Old draft[edit]

{{about|the history of the currency prior to 1945|the later South and North Korean currencies|South Korean won|and|North Korean won|the former online gaming service|World Opponent Network}} {{redirect|Chŏn|other uses|chon (disambiguation)}} The '''Korean won''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ʌ|n}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/won|title=won|website=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> {{lang-ko|원 (圓)}}, {{IPA-ko|wʌn}}) was the official currency of the [[Korean Empire]] between 1902 and 1910. It was subdivided into 100 ''jeon'' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ʌ|n}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jeon|title=jeon|website=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> {{lang-ko|전 (錢)}}, {{IPA-ko|tɕʌn}}). {{Infobox Korean name|context=old|hangul=원, 전|hanja=圓, 錢|rr=won, jeon|mr=wŏn, chŏn}} == Etymology == {{main|Etymology of the Korean currencies}} '''Won'''  is a [[cognate]] of the [[Yuan (currency)|Chinese yuan]] and [[Japanese yen]]. == History == {{See also|History of the Korean currencies}} On May 22, 1901 the Korean Empire adopted the [[gold standard]] in response to many other countries doing the same.<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/koreancoins.html|title=Korean Coins – 韓國錢幣 - History of Korean Coinage|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=18 October 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The won was introduced in 1902, replacing the [[Korean yang|yang]] at a rate of 1 won = 5 yang. Units: 1 won = 100 chon (錢), 1 chon = 5 poon (分, "fun" ec. yesteryear spellings) of the preceding currency. Gold coins were produced in the denominations of 5, 10, and 20 won. All of these coins had a composition of 90% [[gold]] and 10% [[copper]].<ref name="primaltrek"/> Another notable feature of these coins is that they, unlike the earlier [[Korean yang#Coins|yang coinage]], contained no [[English language|English]] inscriptions as they only contained [[Hanja|Chinese]] and [[Hangul]] legends.<ref name="primaltrek"/> As a part of the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] influence in Korea at the time the Koreans introduced a small number of "Russified" coins between the years 1901 and 1902, but these coins would prove to be unsuccessful as they were swept away by the flood of [[cupronickel]] coins.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash">{{cite web|url= http://www.moneta-coins.com/library/Korea%20-%20A%20Numismatic%20Survey%20-%20Boling.pdf|title= Korea - A Numismatic Survey. (This article has been transposed to this format from a July 1988 supplement issue included with Coin World. Its original title was: Beyond Cash - A Numismatic Survey of Korea.)|date=1988|accessdate=3 October 2019|author= Joseph E. Boling, NLG |publisher= Moneta-Coins.com|language=en}}</ref> The disagreements between the Japanese and Russian Empires led to the [[Russo-Japanese War]] when Japan attacked [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]] in [[Russian Dalian]] and [[Incheon]] in Korea, the war ended in a Japanese victory, Japan occupied the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] and the [[Korean peninsula]].<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Japanese immediately took control over Korean financial matters. On October 16, 1904 the Koreans accepted [[Kazoku|Baron]] [[Megata Tanetarō]] from the Japanese Ministry of Finance as financial adviser to their government,<ref name="LibraryOfCongressMegataTenetarou">{{cite web|url= https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4248|title= A Money Doctor from Japan: Megata Tanetaro in Korea, 1904-1907.|date=5 December 2007|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= Michael Schiltz (a Kluge Fellow in the John W. Kluge Center and a professor at the [[University of Leuven]] in Belgium)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TheKoreaHeraldEmperorGojong">{{cite web|url= http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20100711000293|title= Gojong’s Korea caught in international power struggles.|date=11 July 2010|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= (Blank)|publisher= [[The Korea Herald]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Megata was assigned to assume complete jurisdiction over Korea's finances.<ref name="OxfordMoon">{{cite web|url= https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/118/1/20/43402|title= Immoral Rights: Korean Populist Collaborators and the Japanese Colonization of Korea, 1904–1910.|date=4 February 2013|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= Yumi Moon|publisher= Oxford Academic - [[The American Historical Review]], Volume 118, Issue 1, February 2013, Pages 20–44, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.1.20|language=en}}</ref> When Megata arrived in Korea, he told [[John Jordan (diplomat)|Sir John Newell Jordan]], who was the British Minister-Resident in Korea at the time, that the Japanese protectorate over Korea was being modeled on [[History of Egypt under the British|British rule in Egypt]].<ref name="JapaneseEgypt">{{cite web|url= https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani|title= Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan’s Politics of Colonial Comparison. (East Asian History and Culture Review (e-journal) 32: 22–49.).|date=2019|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= Satoshi Mizutani, [[Doshisha University]]|publisher= Institute of East Asian Studies, [[University of California at Berkeley]]|language=en}}</ref> One of the first recommendations by Baron Megata was to close all Korean Mints and commence a reform of the Korean currency. One of the primary policy he proposed was removing the cupronickel coins from circulation.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> After the Japanese had pressured the Korean Mint Bureau, which had been [[Milled coinage|striking coins]] for 20 years, to close in November of the year 1904,<ref name="primaltrek"/> all gold coins of the won were produced at the [[Japan Mint]] in [[Osaka]] (日本大阪造幣局).<ref name="primaltrek"/> In 1905 the Japan Mint began to produce the Korean won's new coinage, this entirely new series was modeled almost exactly on the [[List of Japanese coinage patterns#Meiji|patterns of contemporary Japanese coins]] and even used the same [[planchet]]s.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> As the coins of the Korean won were being struck on the same planchets as the Japanese yen, when the Japanese would reduce the weight of the minor coinages of the yen in 1906, the weights and sizes of Korean coins were also reduced in 1907.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> This was also because the Japanese and Korean coins were circulating as equivalents to each other in exchange at the time.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> In the year 1907 the imperial Korean government had designated the Japanese Dai-Ichi Bank to carry out the monetary reforms that were suggested by the Japanese adviser to Korea Baron Megata Tanetarō.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Dai-Ichi Bank attempted to withdraw the cupronickel coinage, recall the ''[[yeopjeon]]'', and help circulate the newly introduced coinage that was minted in Osaka. During this era Korean cash coins were still largely circulating in the regions of southern and north-eastern Korea.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The task of withdrawing the cupronickel coinage from circulation proved to not be an easy one because of the substantial number of counterfeit cupronickel coins that were circulating in Korea at the time, these counterfeit coins were redeemed by the Dai-Ichi Bank at reduced rates from the "official" cupronickel coins; during the exchange process, it was assumed by everybody that theirs cupronickel were "official" cupronickel coins and demanded the maximum exchange rate.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The withdrawal of [[copper-alloy]] Korean cash coins was made easier due to a global rise in the price of copper, during this era thousands of pounds of copper-alloy Korean cash coins were exported at a profit.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> In the year 1908, Korea was hit by a panic when the value of nickel dropped significantly, this led to the Korean public quickly exchanging their cupronickel at the banks.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins">GXSeries.com - [http://www.gxseries.com/numis/koreatype/koreatype_early_all.htm Korean coin type set (1888 - 1910)]. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> A staggering amount of 266.480,000 of cupronickel coins were exchanged during this panic.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> This panic would lead to the demonetisation of the Korean cupronickel coinage in November 1908.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> In the year 1909 there were supposedly 4,000,000 of 5 chon nickel coins that were struck at the Japan Mint, however, most were melted down due to their demonetised status.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> Copper coins during this period were not affected by the panic exchange. Older coins collected by the banks from July 1905 to October 1907 resulted to be more than 375 tonnes. If it assumed that only cupronickel 5 fun coins of 7 grams were collected by the banks, more than 53,000,000 would have been collected from general circulation.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> After 1908, circulation of the old cupronickel coins was outlawed by the imperial Korean government, while the cast copper-alloy cash coins remained to be [[legal tender]] in Korea at a value of 0.2 chon, which meant that they had a nominal value of {{Frac|500}} won.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Prince [[Hirobumi Ito]] pointed out to the Korean government the anomalous situation of having a foreign (Japanese) [[commercial bank]] be the [[central bank]] of their government and recommended that the Koreans would create their own central bank in the same way that others nations have one,<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> in 1909, the [[Bank of Korea (1909–1950)|Bank of Korea]] (한국은행; 韓國銀行) was founded in [[Seoul]] as a [[central bank]] and began issuing currency of a modern type.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> And on 10 November 1909 many of the functions of the Dai-Ichi Bank were passed onto the newly established Bank of Korea.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Bank of Korea assumed responsibility for the banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank that were still in circulation (which totalled 12,000,000 yen), the Dai-Ichi Bank would further transfer to the Bank of Korea the 4,000,000 yen in specie reserves which backed its banknotes. The balance was converted by the Bank of Korea to an interest-free 20-year loan to the Dai-Ichi Bank.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> In the year 1910 the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910|Japanese had formally annexed Korea]], this meant that Korea's native currency system would become an arm of the [[Japanese currency]] system.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> As a part of the reforms of Korea during the colonial period Korean coinage was suspended;<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Japanese coinage was then introduced to the peninsula to replace it, although the Japanese created no "crash" program of recall,<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> nine years later in 1919 as much as 25% of all Korean won coins remained in circulation as only 75% of the Korean coinage had been withdrawn by the Japanese.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The won was equivalent to the [[Japanese yen]] and was replaced by the [[Korean yen]] in 1910 during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Colonial Era]]. In 1910, the Bank of Korea was renamed the [[Bank of Joseon]] ({{Lang-ko|조선은행}}; 朝鮮銀行), which issued notes denominated in [[Korean yen|yen]] and ''sen''. == Coins == [[File:Korea 1907 20 Won.jpg|thumb|250px|Korea 1907 20 gold Won.]] Coins were minted in the denominations of ½, 1, 5, 10 and 20 chon, ½, 5, 10 and 20 won.<ref name="primaltrek"/> The coins all carried the title of the "state", [[Daehan]] (대한; 大韓),<ref name="primaltrek"/> and the [[Korean era name]], [[Gojong of Joseon|Gwangmu]] (광무; 光武) and then [[Sunjong of Korea|Yunghui]] (융희; 隆熙), whilst the specifications were equivalent to the coins of the [[Japanese yen]].<ref name="primaltrek"/> In 1906 Korea's first [[gold coin]]age was created, in denominations of 5 won, 10 won, and 20 won.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> These coins were also of identical weight and fineness to their Japanese counterparts, but used a [[Korean dragon|dragon]] which was similar to the previous generation of Japanese yen gold coins in their designs.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The dragon symbol was replaced by the [[Fenghuang|phoenix]] on the ½ chon, 1 chon, and 5 chon coins when these coins started being produced by the Japan Mint.<ref name="primaltrek"/> List of coins of the Korean won:<ref name="primaltrek"/> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" !colspan=8|Korean Won Coins |- ! Obverse !! Reverse !! Denomination !! Composition !! Diameter (in millimeters) !! Weight (in grams) !! Thickness (in millimeters) !! Years of production |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:1909 Ban jeon of the Korean Empire 01.jpg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:1909 Ban jeon of the Korean Empire 02.jpg|50px]] | ½ chon (半錢)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35124.html ½ Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> | 95% [[copper]], 4% [[tin]], 1% [[zinc]] | 21.9 (1906) 19.1 (1907–1910) || 3.4 (1906) 2.1 (1907–1910) || 1.5 (1906) 1 (1907–1910) || 1906–1910 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 1 chon (一錢) | 98% copper, 1% tin, 1% zinc | 28 (1905–1906) 22.5 (1907–1910) || 7.1 (1905–1906) 4.1 (1907–1910) || 1.5 (1905–1906) 1 (1907–1910) || 1905–1910 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 5 chon (五錢) | [[Cupronickel]] (75% copper and 25% [[nickel]]) | 20.8 || 4 || 2 || 1905, 1907, and 1909 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 10 chon (十錢)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35118.html 10 Chon (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15832.html 10 Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces21047.html 10 Chon (Yung Hee) 2-4 (1908-1910)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> |rowspan="3"| 800‰ [[silver]], 200‰ copper | 17.6 || 2.5, 2.25 (1907 only) || 1.5 || 1906–1910 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 20 chon (二十錢)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces17125.html 20 Chon (Gwang Mu) 9-10 (1905-1906)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35122.html 20 Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces21048.html 20 Chon (Yung Hee) 2-4 (1908-1910)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> | 22.8 (1905–1906) 20.3 (1907–1910) || 5.4 (1905–1906) 4 (1907–1910) || 1.5 || 1905–1910 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan = "2"| [[File:Korea half won 1905.jpg|100px]] | ½ won (半圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15826.html ½ Won (Gwang Mu) 9-10 (1905-1906)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces21045.html ½ Won (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces17573.html ½ Won (Yung Hee) 2 (1908)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> | 31 (1905–1906) 27.5 (1907–1908) || 13.5 (1905–1906) 10.13 (1907–1908) || 2 || 1905–1908 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 5 won (五圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24483.html 5 Won (Yung Hee) 2-3 (1908-1909)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> |rowspan=3| 900‰ [[gold]], 100‰ copper | 17 || 4.1666 || 1 || 1908–1909 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 10 won (十圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35120.html 10 Won (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24486.html 10 Won (Yung Hee) 3 (1909)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> | 21.2 || 8.3 || 1.5 || 1906 and 1909 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan = "2"|[[File:Korea 1907 20 Won.jpg|100px]] | 20 won (二十圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35121.html 20 Won (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24485.html 20 Won (Yung Hee) 2-3 (1908-1909)]. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref> | 28.8 || 16.667 || 2 || 1906, 1908, and 1909 |} === Rare coins === * There is some question as to whether or not any ½ chon coins were minted in the year Gwangmu 11.<ref name="primaltrek"/> * The ½ chon coins minted in the years 1907 (隆熙元年) and 1910 (隆熙四年) are known to be very scarce.<ref name="primaltrek"/> * In September 2011 a 5 chon coin from 1909 was at auction for [[United States dollar|$]]138,000.<ref name="primaltrek"/> * The 5 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1908 (隆熙二年) and 1909 (隆熙三年).<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only two known pieces of the 1909 version of the 5 won are known to be extent, one of these pieces was sold at an auction for $460,000 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/> * The 10 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1906 (光武十年) and 1909 (隆熙三年).<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only two known pieces of the 1909 version of the coin are known to be extent with one specimen of this series being sold at an auction for $299,000 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/> * The 20 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1906 (光武十年), 1908 (隆熙二年), and 1909 (隆熙三年).<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only two specimens of the 1909 coin are known to be extent with one specimen of this series being sold at an auction for $632,500 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/> == Banknotes == No banknotes were issued denominated in won. However, [[Korean yen]] notes were issued by Dai-Ichi Ginko (First National Bank (of Japan), 주식회사제일은행, 株式會社第一銀行). The Dai-Ichi Bank's role as treasury bank for the imperial Korean government, its responsibility for recalling the old cupronickel and Korean cash coinage, and the fact that this bank issued the only banknotes that ever gained universal acceptance in Korea at the time emphasised the fact that the Dai-Ichi Bank held a status of being the ''[[de facto]]'' "Central Bank of Korea" until the founding of the Bank of Korea.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Both local banks and quasi-governmental firms had tried to establish a paper money system in Korea during this era, but none of their issues seemed to have been readily accepted by the public.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Dai-Ichi Bank had petitioned the [[Government of Japan|imperial Japanese government]] to be granted permission to issue banknotes in Korea, to augment the demonetised Japanese yen coins that it was importing, this was because in the year 1885 the imperial government had monopolised the issuing of banknotes and prohibited banks from doing this in Japan.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> After the imperial Japanese government has granted this permission, the Dai-Ichi Bank released banknotes in the year 1902 that were printed by the Japanese Finance Ministry Printing Bureau.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> In [[Southern Korea]] they were well received in the trade port cities, but faced rejection in the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] influenced cities of Seoul and Incheon. This was because of the ongoing rivalry between Japan and Russia. In the year 1902 the Russians successfully petitioned the Korean government to ban all banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank, but this ban only lasted for a few months.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Dai-Ichi Bank had enough fiscal and economic strength to redeem every banknote that was presented to them when they were banned from circulating, later the Dai-Ichi Bank was able withstand yet another [[Bank run|run on its banknotes]], this meant that public confidence in the issues of the Dai-Ichi Bank grew in Korea which helped the bank succeed.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> In the year 1905 the Dai-Ichi Bank had been designated the "treasury bank" for the Korean government, which meant that it served as the Korean government’s agent for depositories and disbursing finances.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Dai-Ichi Bank would issue fractional denomination banknotes (banknotes with denominations smaller than 1 yen) for the Imperial Japanese Army soldiers that were operating in [[northern Korea]] and [[Manchuria]].<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Since these banknotes were printed by the [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Finance]], they were almost identical to the banknotes issued by the imperial Japanese government themselves for these same soldiers.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The fractional banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank were seen as being very convenient, and were soon circulating all over the Korean peninsula.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Following the establishment of the Bank of Korea, it would immediately begin to issue its own banknotes, these new banknotes were redeemable "in [[gold]] or [[Bank of Japan|Nippon Ginko]] notes."<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Most of the reserves held by the Bank of Korea at the time were banknotes issued by the Bank of Japan and commercial paper.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The banknotes issued by the Bank of Korea were only very slightly modified from the earlier Dai-Ichi Bank banknotes that had circulated in Korea, this was done to reduce any possible confusion during the transition period.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The name of the Bank of Korea was inserted and the royal plum crest of Korea replaced Dai-Ichi Bank's 10-pointed star emblem, and the reverse sides of the 1 yen banknotes changed colour, but all the overall the changes were minute.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> == Korean "Eagle" coins == Following the Japanese victory during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], the Qing dynasty's influence over the [[Korean peninsula]] was replaced by that of the Japanese Empire.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Furthermore China's weakened position during this era allowed for the interests of the [[Russian Empire]] in the [[Far East]] to expand significantly as well.<ref name="primaltrek"/> The Russian Empire sent Mr. Alexiev as the financial advisor to Korea. On March 1, 1898 the first branch of the [[Russo-Korean Bank]] in [[Asia]] was established.<ref name="primaltrek"/> In the year 1901, Alexiev authorised the minting of a new set of three coins, these were Korean "Eagle" coins were issued by the Russo-Korean Bank.<ref name="primaltrek"/> These coins are known as the Korean "Eagle" coins because the fact that instead of having a [[Korean dragon]] or [[Fenghuang|Korean phoenix]] in their design they have an crowned [[eagle]] based on the [[coat of arms of Russia]].<ref name="primaltrek"/> All of the Korean "Eagle" coins were minted at the [[Yongsan]] Mint (龍山典局).<ref name="primaltrek"/> These coins would prove to be unsuccessful as they were swept away by the flood of [[cupronickel]] coins.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Russo-Korean bank also created a set of experimental coins (or "[[Pattern coin|trial coins]]") that were produced but never saw any circulation. This unissued coin series included a copper 10 won (十圜), a copper 20 won (二十圜), and a silver "half dollar" (半圜, "half won").<ref name="primaltrek"/> While all of these unissued Korean "Eagle" coins were reportedly minted in the year 1901, the coins display various other dates such as 1899, 1901, 1902, or 1903.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Following the Japanese victory during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and Korea becoming a Japanese protectorate under the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905|Eulsa Treaty]], the Japanese would confiscate and destroy almost all Korean "Eagle" coins.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Because of this, surviving Korean "Eagle" coins are extremely rare.<ref name="primaltrek"/> List of issued Korean "Eagle" coins:<ref name="primaltrek"/> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" !colspan=8|Korean "Eagle" Coins Issued by the Russo-Korean Bank |- ! Obverse !! Reverse !! Denomination !! Composition !! Diameter (in millimeters) !! Weight (in grams) !! Thickness (in millimeters) !! Years of production |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 1 chon (一錢)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24481.html 1 Chon (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation)]. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> | 98% [[copper]], 1% [[tin]], 1% [[zinc]] | 28 || 8 || || 1902 (光武六年) |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 5 chon (五錢)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24482.html 5 Chon (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation)]. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> | [[Cupronickel]] (75% copper, 25% [[nickel]]) | 20.5 || 5.4 || || 1902 (光武六年) |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | ½ won (半圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35117.html ½ Won (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation)]. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> | 90% [[silver]], 10% copper | 30.9 || 13.5 || 2 || 1901 (光武五年) |} List of unissued Korean "Eagle" [[pattern coin]]s:<ref name="primaltrek"/> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" !colspan=8|Unissued Korean "Eagle" pattern coins created by the Russo-Korean Bank |- ! Obverse !! Reverse !! Denomination !! Composition !! Diameter (in millimeters) !! Weight (in grams) !! Thickness (in millimeters) !! Dates on the coins |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 10 won (十圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24586.html 10 Won (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation)]. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> | [[Copper]] | || || || 1903 (光武七年) |- |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] |align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"| [[File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg|50px]] | 20 won (二十圜)<ref>Numista - [https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces27324.html 20 Won (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation)]. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> | Copper | || || || 1902 (光武六年) |} === Rare Korean "Eagle" coins === * A specimen of a 1 chon Korean "Eagle" coin dated 1902 (光武六年) sold at an auction for [[United States dollar|$]]149,500 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/> * A specimen of a 20 won Korean "Eagle" coin dated 1902 (光武六年) sold at the same auction as the coin above for $115,000 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/> == See also == {{Portal|Money|Numismatics}} * [[Names of Korea]] * [[Economy of South Korea]] * [[Economy of North Korea]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *{{numis cite TMMH|region=asia|accessdate=2004-02-29}} *{{numis cite SCWC|date=2004}} *{{numis cite SCWC|date=1900.4}} {{n-start}} {{n-before|currency=[[Korean yang]]|ratio=1 won = 5 yang|reason=heavier influence by [[Japan]]}} {{n-currency|location=[[Korea]]|start=1902|end=1910|concurrent=[[Korean yen]]}} {{n-after|currency=[[Korean yen]]|ratio=at par|reason=[[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty|complete annexation by Japan]]}} {{n-end}} {{Historical currencies of Korea}} [[:Category:Currencies of Korea]] [[:Category:Modern obsolete currencies]] [[:Category:Joseon]] [[:Category:Currency symbols]] [[:Category:1902 establishments in Korea]] [[:Category:1910 disestablishments in Asia]]

Standard reference templates[edit]

October 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= .|date=|accessdate=October 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgePiaohao">{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/piaohao.html|title= ''piaohao'' 票號, the Shanxi Banks.|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=2 October 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="ChinaKnowledgePiaohao"/>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeOfficeSelling">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/juanna.html|title= ''juanna'' 捐納, ''juanshu'' 捐輸, contributions.|date=25 July 2017|accessdate=2 October 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="ChinaKnowledgeOfficeSelling"/>

September 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= .|date=|accessdate=September 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="GlobalTimesShanghaiMoneyShops">{{cite web|url= http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/778840.shtml|title= The rise and fall of money shops.|date=2013-5-2 17:33:00|accessdate=10 September 2019|author= Zhang Yu|publisher= [[Global Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="GlobalTimesShanghaiMoneyShops">{{cite web|url= http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/778840.shtml|title= The rise and fall of money shops.|date=2 May 2013|accessdate=10 September 2019|author= Zhang Yu|publisher= [[Global Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="DukeEastAsiaNexusChinese1935CurrencyReform">{{cite web|url= http://www.dukenex.us/noah-elbot-chinas-1935-currency-reform.html|title= China's 1935 Currency Reform: A Nascent Success Cut Short By Noah Elbot.|date=2019|accessdate=15 September 2019|author= Noah Elbot|publisher= Duke East Asia Nexus ([[Duke University]]).|language=en}}</ref>

<ref>[[Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation]] - [http://www.koreamint.com/goods/detail.do?gno=10070&cate=1857 Samhantongbo Dangbaekjeon Gold medal] - Retrieved: 29 September 2019. (in [[Korean language|Korean]]).</ref>

<ref name="NIKHCurrency">{{cite web|url= http://contents.history.go.kr/front/eng/tz/view.do?levelId=tz_b25|title= Korean Currency.|date=2019|accessdate=29 September 2019|author= Not listed|publisher= [[National Institute of Korean History]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="NIKHCurrency"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKoreanTomb">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/01/23/xin-dynasty-coins-found-in-korean-tomb/|title=Xin Dynasty Coins Found in Korean Tomb.|date=23 January 2016|accessdate=5 September 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="BusanDdadangJoseonEconomy">{{cite web|url= http://www.busanddadang.com/joseons-economic-system/?ckattempt=1|title=Joseon’s Economic System - “We have a system that increasingly taxes work and subsidizes non work.” – Milton Friedman (1912-2006), an American economist.|date=8 March 2016|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= [http://www.busanddadang.com/author/incauto/ Jung Inman]|publisher= Busan ddadang (the happy life of Busan).|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="SogouBaikeGeonwonJungbo">{{cite web|url= https://baike.sogou.com/m/v44424178.htm|title= 乾元重宝背东国.|date=2019|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= Sogou Baike (搜狗百科)|publisher= [[Sogou]] (搜狗公司)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
- <ref name="SogouBaikeGeonwonJungbo"/>

<ref name="KoreaNetHwacheon">{{cite web|url= http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=132070|title= 2,000-year-old Chinese coins unearthed in Gwangju.|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= Lee Hana|publisher= [[Korea.net]]|language=en}}</ref>

August 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= .|date=|accessdate=August 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQianzhuang">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= ''qianzhuang'' 錢莊, private banks.|date=24 November 2015|accessdate=9 August 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="YunLiuHankouQianzhuang">{{cite web|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319998_A_City_of_Commerce_and_its_Native_Banks_Hankou_Qianzhuang_1800s-1952|title= A City of Commerce and its Native Banks: Hankou Qianzhuang (1800s-1952).|date=August 2013|accessdate=17 August 2019|author= Yum Liu|publisher= [[ResearchGate]]|language=en}}</ref>

July 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=July 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

June 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=June 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

May 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

April 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

March 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=March 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

June 2017.

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/koreancoins.html|title=Korean Coins – 韓國錢幣 - History of Korean Coinage|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=5 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="primaltrek"/>

To use[edit]

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney">{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/papermoney.html|title= Paper Money in Premodern China.|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=27 March 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney"/>

<ref name="QingPaperMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-baochao.html|title= Qing Period Paper Money.|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=27 March 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="QingPaperMoney"/>

<ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes1">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Foreign_Banks_in_China_Part-I.pdf|title= THE FOREIGN BANKS IN CHINA, PART I - EARLY IMPERIAL ISSUES (1850-1900) by John E. Sandrock - The Opening of China to the Outside World.|date=1997|accessdate=1 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes1"/>

<ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes2">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Foreign_Banks_in_China_Part-II.pdf|title=FOREIGN BANKS IN CHINA, Part II - IMPERIAL CHINESE ISSUES (1900-1911) by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=10 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes2"/>

<ref name="SandrockCopperCashNotes">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ching_Dynasty_Copper_Cash_Notes_-_Part_II.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - Part II - CH'ING DYNASTY COPPER CASH NOTES by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=20 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockCopperCashNotes"/>

<ref name="SandrockSilverTaelNotes">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ching_Dynasty_Silver_Tael_Notes_-_Part_III.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - PART III - CH'ING DYNASTY SILVER TAEL NOTES by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=29 June 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockSilverTaelNotes"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQianzhuang">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= ''qianzhuang'' 錢莊, private banks.|date=24 November 2015|accessdate=9 August 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQianzhuang"/>

<ref name="WangYanfenRiskControl">{{cite web|url= http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/10849|title= The Risk Control of Qianzhuang.|date=26 December 2018 |accessdate=16 September 2019|author= Wang Yanfen, Doctoral student. School of Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics, [[Beijing]], [[China]]. (Received 16 September 2018; accepted 22 November 2018) - [http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/10849/pdf .pdf]|publisher= Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture and Canadian Research and Development Centre of Sciences and Cultures|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="WangYanfenRiskControl"/>

<ref name="FEEHyperinflationOrigins1988">{{cite web|url= https://fee.org/articles/origins-of-the-chinese-hyperinflation/|title= Origins of the Chinese Hyperinflation.|date=1 September 1988|accessdate=19 September 2019|author= Mr. Habegger is a student at the University of Colorado in Boulder. He was a summer intern at FEE in 1986.|publisher= [[Foundation for Economic Education]] (FEE)|language=en}}</ref>
- * <ref name="FEEHyperinflationOrigins1988"/>

Coin table[edit]

User:Donald Trung/Won (圓) expansion (October 2019)/Coin table.
- Included into the (main(line)) draft. --Donald Trung (talk) 10:27, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Gold Wons[edit]

User:Donald Trung/Won (圓) expansion (October 2019)/Gold Wons.
Included into the (main(line)) draft. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:55, 16 October 2019 (UTC) .

More sources to use[edit]

<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash">{{cite web|url= http://www.moneta-coins.com/library/Korea%20-%20A%20Numismatic%20Survey%20-%20Boling.pdf|title= Korea - A Numismatic Survey. (This article has been transposed to this format from a July 1988 supplement issue included with Coin World. Its original title was: Beyond Cash - A Numismatic Survey of Korea.)|date=1988|accessdate=3 October 2019|author= Joseph E. Boling, NLG |publisher= Moneta-Coins.com|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>
 - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 04:54, 18 October 2019 (UTC) .

https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4248
- <ref name="LibraryOfCongressMegataTenetarou">{{cite web|url= https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4248|title= A Money Doctor from Japan: Megata Tanetaro in Korea, 1904-1907.|date=5 December 2007|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= Michael Schiltz (a Kluge Fellow in the John W. Kluge Center and a professor at the [[University of Leuven]] in Belgium)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|language=en}}</ref>
 - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:31, 16 October 2019 (UTC) .

https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani
- <ref name="JapaneseEgypt">{{cite web|url= https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani|title= Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan’s Politics of Colonial Comparison. (East Asian History and Culture Review (e-journal) 32: 22–49.).|date=2019|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= Satoshi Mizutani, ]]Doshisha University]]|publisher= Institute of East Asian Studies, [[University of California at Berkeley]]|language=en}}</ref>
 - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:29, 16 October 2019 (UTC) .

https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/118/1/20/43402
- <ref name="OxfordMoon">{{cite web|url= https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/118/1/20/43402|title= Immoral Rights: Korean Populist Collaborators and the Japanese Colonization of Korea, 1904–1910.|date=4 February 2013|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= Yumi Moon|publisher= Oxford Academic - [[The American Historical Review]], Volume 118, Issue 1, February 2013, Pages 20–44, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.1.20|language=en}}</ref>
 - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:23, 16 October 2019 (UTC) .

http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20100711000293
- <ref name="TheKoreaHeraldEmperorGojong">{{cite web|url= http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20100711000293|title= Gojong’s Korea caught in international power struggles.|date=11 July 2010|accessdate=16 October 2019|author= (Blank)|publisher= [[The Korea Herald]]|language=en}}</ref>
 - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:03, 16 October 2019 (UTC).