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Organised crimes in Peru refers to networks, groups, or individuals who partake in criminal activities that are organised, such as drug trafficking organizations, terrorism, attempted murder, and many more.
Gangs[edit]
Shining Path, a Peruvian revolutionary organisation formed in 1960s and 1970s that is a violent terrorism and supports a Maoism ideology.[1] It is also known as Sendero Luminoso.[1] The organisation provides protection to narcotics trade and makes use of their profits to strengthen their organisation and bring in more weaponry for security.[1] In 2008, former jailed members of Sendero Luminoso and other supporters of the Shining Path established an organisation, MOVADEF, following the aim of Abimael Guzman, the former leader of Shining Path.[2] MOVADEF continued to disseminate the ideology of their founder, Guzman, into remote villages in the Upper Huallaga Valley.[2]
Balarezo Gang is a group of Peruvian smugglers which gradually emerged in the 1940s as cocaine trade became illegal.[3] The gang consists of Balerzo and his six accomplices, who started exporting cocaine illegally in 1946.[3] Balerzo lived in New York, expanding his smuggling business and owned a mansion on Long Island.[3]
Barrio King, led by Gerson Gálvez Calle, is based in Callaro and is known as Peru's largest drug ring.[4] The criminal organisation had control over shipping centres to facilitate drug trafficking and responsible for the many deaths in Peru.[5]
Prominent Individuals[edit]
Abimael Guzmán is the former leader of revolutionary organisation, Shining Path, partaking in activities against the Peruvian government.[5]
David Bazan Arevalo was the mayor of Tocache, Peru. He was investigated as a member of a drug trafficking operation, organising the production and trading of narco-trafficking.[6]
Andrés A. Soberón was a trader that led cocaine makers during anti-cocaine law in 1947. [3]
Gerson Gálvez Calle, also known as 'Caracol' or Snail, led the drug trafficking organisation group called Barrio King.[4] He was also called the new Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán by the Peruvian media for being capable of competing against Mexico drug trafficking organisations.[4] Calle was released from a 15-year sentence after serving for 12 years in prison in 2014, which became controversial, and Calle has been a wanted man for murder, robbery, and drug trafficking.[4]
Activities[edit]
Drug Trafficking[edit]
Cocaine[edit]
Coca is an easy crop to grow that is one of the most profitable crop by allowing farmers to have limited land and make profit at the same time.[7] Cocaine started in eastern Peru in 1948 to 1949, and has been rapidly expanding domestic cocaine production, making it the world's second largest cocaine producer, after Colombia.[7] Cocaine began as a major product for the Americans at the beginning of the cold war, and the production of cocaine from Peru emerged during anti-communist regimes.[3] Throughout the late 1940s, the cocaine industry was legal with minimal production, however, by 1950, cocaine was being smuggled out of Peru.[3] In 1949, Time nicknamed cocaine "Peru's White Goddess."[3] Initially, coca was not the main problem for Peru, however, advancement in technology and science turned it into a drug, by processing coca into cocaine for various purposes, such as medicine or wine.[7] By 1970s, the lack of supervision on cocaine trade developed an increasing rate of criminal networks, with the aim of trafficking and profit.[7]
As Santa Rosa had a few police officers stationed, and it became one of the leading means of access of cocaine to smuggle to Brazil or Colombia, and the weakness of regional state allowed cocaine establishments to build coca fields, pits and labs.[2] Most cocaine labs were situated in the jungle between the Putumayo and the River Amazon, and Caballococha became a gathering location for drug traffickers and producers.[2]
Norco/Narco Trafficking[edit]
Peru is becoming a narco-trader for four continents.[8] David Bazan Arevalo was investigated as an alleged member of a drug trafficking organisation.[8] He has been indicted for being a member of a criminal organisation that trafficked drugs from coca-producing valley of Alto Huallaga to Colombia during the 1980s and 1990s.[8] Along with his cousin Miguel Arevalo Ramirez, they transported 600 kilograms of cocaine paste each week from Colombia between 1987 and 1992.[9]
Violence[edit]
Sexual assault[edit]
Peru is one of the many countries that followed the Marry-your-rapist law, which refers to as the exemption from punishment for a rapist by marrying their victims.[10] The case of Peruvian ex-soldiers 'systematically' raping nine female farmers between 1984 and 1995 during the Shining Path guerrilla war was presented to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2003, and the gang rape led to five of the women being pregnant.[10]
Terrorism[edit]
The Shining Path operating in the Huallaga River region since the 1980s was financed and supplied weapons by David Bazan Arevalo.[9] The criminal organisation took 71 hostages and attacked oil installations in Peru, as well as ambushing a police patrol and killing eight officials.[6] Arevalo was part of a 2007 terrorist attack that resulted in the murder of a public prosecutor and three police officers in Tocache, which is known as one of the most crime-plagued regions of Peru.[9]
Conservation criminology[edit]
Wildlife markets[edit]
The Ministry of Production, which is responsible for protecting endangered species have been caught illegally facilitating shark fin trade.[11] Peru has become the third largest exporter of shark fin in the world, where the majority of shark fins are trafficked to China, as there is a high demand for shark fins in Asian markets.[11]
Deforestation[edit]
Birds, amphibians, and ferns are examples of the biodiversity in eastern Peru which help constitute floristic assemblage.[12] Cocaine cultivation attributes to the deforestation, mainly in the Huallaga Valley, and therefore, large groups of plant species are threatened by deforestation, and remaining forests are likely to lose species diversity.[12]
Peru has one of the highest export of Swietenia macrophylla, driven by international demand.[13] Peruvian timber is exported to many countries, with the majority to countries such as China, the United States, Australia, Israel, and Puerto Rice, and involves tax evasion.[14] The Organismo de Supervision de los Recursos Forestales y de Fauna Silvestre was established as an anti-corruption organisation to prevent illegal deforestation activities in Peru, however, that has not stopped the act of illegal logging.[15] According to the Center for International Environmental Law, more than 90 percent of timber sold in Peru was illegally obtained.[14]
Efforts to Reduce Organized Crimes[edit]
Political decentralization[edit]
The Peruvian government expanded their focus in Mantaro river in 2012, as the valley is known to be a trafficking route for cocaine and other drugs, to investigate the Shining plans to extend their control over narco-trafficking routes in La Convencion.[6] In February 2012, the Peruvian government captured Artemio, the leader of a faction in Sendero Luminoso in the Upper Huallaga Valley, which led to the dismantle of the the military and weaponry in Sendero Luminoso.[6]
The increase of drug usage in United States and Western Europe led to more drug production for Peruvian farmers selling at a higher price in the 1970s.[7] In the 1980s, the U.S drug policy towards Peru was used as a plan to prevent cocaine production for their people, which brought devastating results to the economy in Peru.[7] Under the pressure of the U.S drug policy, the Peruvian government proceeded towards the removal of cocaine production and focused on substituting the drug with other crops.[7] As drug production in Peru decreased, Peruvian farmers lost their jobs.[16]
On July 26 2017, David Bazán Arévalo was arrested by Peru's counternarcotics police.[16] Lima office of the US Drug Enfrocement Administration (DEA), the Peruvian Counternarcotics Directorate (Dirreción Nacional Antidrogas - DIRANDRO) arrested David Bazan Arevalo, targetting drug traffickers who financed narco-terrorist groups.[16] The cocaine boom in the late 1990s came to an end when the Peruvian Air Force and DEA carried out tighter protection networks.[16]
Balarezo was arrested in 1949 while he was on a boat to Italy, and took less than a month to receive a five year sentence and $10,000 fine.[3] 13 kilos of pure cocaine smuggled by Balarezo was found in New York, with $154,000 worth per kilo.[3]
Social initiatives[edit]
Comrade Artemio was arrested as efforts to counter terrorism, which enabled the state security forces to enter regions to take action against terrorism.[1]
From 2005 to 2011, the Control y Reduccion del Cultivo de la Coca en el Alto Huallaga was engaged in regional coca eradication campaigns.[2]
Armed civilians in Peru organise their own protection and security, such as the Comitis de Autodefensa (CADS), which coordinated the community for self-defence.[3]
Loggers in Peru are required legitimate permit by the Organismo de Supervision de los Recursos Forestales y de Fauna Silvestre organisation if they wish to declare timber locations to cut down trees, however the process is sometimes corrupt, involving compensation and bribery.[14]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Parkinson, Charles (2017-03-27). "Drug Trafficking, Terrorism, and Civilian Self-Defense in Peru". InSight Crime. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
- ^ a b c d e Dun, Mirella Van (2016/08). "Cocaine Flows and the State in Peru's Amazonian Borderlands". Journal of Latin American Studies. 48 (3): 509–535. doi:10.1017/S0022216X16000390. ISSN 0022-216X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gootenberg, Paul (2007-10). "The "Pre-Colombian" Era of Drug Trafficking in the Americas: Cocaine, 1945-1965". The Americas. 64 (2): 133–176. doi:10.1353/tam.2007.0148. ISSN 0003-1615.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d Janowitz, Nathaniel (2016-05-02T20). "Colombian Police Have Tracked Down 'The Snail', Peru's Most-Wanted Drug Trafficker". Vice News. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b LaSusa, Mike (2017-03-27). "Top Peru Crime Boss Captured in Colombia". InSight Crime. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
- ^ a b c d Mullins, Sam; Wither, James K.; Monaco, Steven R. (2016), "Terrorism and Crime", Combating Transnational Terrorism, Procon, pp. 67–84, ISBN 9789549252187, retrieved 2019-05-17
- ^ a b c d e f g Drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence in the Americas today. Bagley, Bruce Michael,, Rosen, Jonathan D.,. Gainesville. 2015. pp. 223–238. ISBN 9780813055336. OCLC 907689578.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c "Alleged drug price fixing investigated in Germany". PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News. 441 (1): 11–11. 2003-12. doi:10.1007/bf03277142. ISSN 1173-5503.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Albaladejo, Angelika (2017-08-04). "Peru Mayor's Arrest Reveals Ties to Drug Trafficking and Terrorism". InSight Crime. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
- ^ a b "Peruvian ex-soldiers accused of 'systematic' rape". France 24. 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
- ^ a b Robbins, Seth (2019-04-23). "Peru Wildlife Agency Eases Export of Illegal Shark Fins". InSight Crime. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
- ^ a b Young, Kenneth R. (1996-3). "Threats to biological diversity caused by coca /cocaine deforestation in Peru". Environmental Conservation. 23 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1017/S0376892900038200. ISSN 0376-8929.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ness, Erik (2005-5). "Peru and the G8 Soft on Illegal Logging". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 3 (4): 184. doi:10.2307/3868459.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Press, Latinamerica (2018-05-21). "Illegal Logging: An Organized Crime That Is Destroying Latin American Forests". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
- ^ Holmes, Harry. "Peru Failing to Combat Illegal Logging in Amazon Claims Report". www.occrp.org. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
- ^ a b c d "Drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence in the Americas today". Choice Reviews Online. 53 (09): 223–228. 2016-05-01. doi:10.5860/CHOICE.194166. ISSN 0009-4978.