User:Alexa cotton

Alexa Cotton is a freshman undergraduate student at Vanderbilt University.

Initial draft (five paragraphs draft) posted in History of Enslavement of Indigenous Peoples

OUTLINE - History of enslavement of indigenous people's in California

Spanish Conquest

·1769 Mission San Diego

·forced into labor by soldiers

·Native americans did all the labor – cobblers, carpenters, masons, planters, harvesters, cattle slaughterers

·Poor living conditions – disease

· Indians = neophytes

·Indian resistance uprisings multiple times

·3 major epidemics

Mexican Rule

·secularized missions – give land to catholic Indians

·Civil authorities confiscated land , native population became labor force

·Virtually cost free to utilize Indian labor

Gold Rush and United States

·1848 flood of immigrants because gold rush- not good

·population drastically decreased

·Clear Lake Massacre 1849

·1850 – Act for the Government and Protection of Indians

legally cutailed rights of Indians

·1850 – Indians could not testify for or against whites, could not sell or administer alcohol to Indians and if they stole anything they could be whipped and fined

·laws interpreted so that essentially all Indians could face indentured servitude

·over half miners in California were Indians

·1860 – Indians could be kidnapped

·Indian Island Massacre

·1851-2 18 treaties written up and then rejected by Senate

·1853 – reservations created but supplies of inferior condition, rancid food

· Many left reservations and lived as ancestors or raided non-native communities

·Military campaigns led to exterminate Indians – rewards for heads and scalps of them

·1870 population decline to 20,000

10 Sources

1.     "California Genocide". Indian Country Files. PBS.

2.   Johnston-Dodds, Kimberly (September 2002). "Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians". California Research Bureau.

3.    Trafzer, Clifford E.; Hyer, Joel R. (1999). Exterminate Them : Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape and Enslavement of Native Americans During the California Gold Rush, 1848-1868. East Lansing, MI, USA: Michigan State University Press. pp. 1–30. ISBN 9780870139611.

4.    Olson-Raymer, Dr. Gayle. "Americanization and the California Indians - A Case Study of Northern California". History 383. humboldt.edu.

5.   Almaguer, Tomas (2008). Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. University of California Press. pp. 17–41. ISBN 9780520942905.

6.    Lazarus, E. (1999, Aug 15). How the west was really won; THE EARTH SHALL WEEP, A history of native america by james wilson; atlantic monthly press: 496 pp., $27; "EXTERMINATE THEM", written accounts of the murder, rape, and enslavement of native americans during the california gold rush, 1848-1868; edited by clifford E. trafzer and joel R. hyer; michigan state university press: 220 pp., $22.95 paper; CRAZY HORSE by larry McMurtry; viking: 148 pp., $19.95. Los Angeles Times Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/docview/421525229?accountid=14816

7.    Magliari, M. (2004). FREE SOIL, UNFREE LABOR. Pacific Historical Review, 73(3), 349-390. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/docview/212441173?accountid=14816

8.    Lindsay, Brendan C. (June 2012). Murder State : California's Native American Genocide, 1846-1873. University of Nebraska Press. pp.  ISBN 9780803240216

9.    http://abs.sagepub.com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/content/58/1/97.full.pdf+html Lindsay, Brendan C. Humor and Dissonance in California’s Native American Genocide. American Behavioral Scientist, 2014, Vol.58(1), pp.97-123. DOI: 10.1177/0002764213495034

10.  William McKay's Journal, 1866-67: Indian Scouts, Part I Donna Clark and Keith Clark Oregon Historical Quarterly  Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer, 1978) , pp. 121-171 Published by: Oregon Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20613623