German articles

German articles are used similarly to the English articles, a and the. However, they are declined differently according to the number, gender and case of their nouns.

Declension

The inflected forms depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. German articles – like adjectives and pronouns – have the same plural forms for all three genders.

Indefinite article

This article, ein-, is used equivalently to the word a in English. Like its English equivalent (though unlike Spanish), it has no direct form for a plural; in this situation a range of alternatives such as einige (some; several) or manche (some) would be used.

Indefinite article endings (mixed)

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	ein	eine	ein	-
Accusative	einen	eine	ein	-
Dative	einem	einer	einem	-
Genitive	eines	einer	eines	-

The same endings are used for the negative indefinite article-like word (kein-), and the adjectival possessive pronouns (alias: possessive adjectives, possessive determiners), mein- (my), dein- (your (singular)), sein- (his), ihr- (her and their), unser- (our), euer/eur- (your (plural)), Ihr- (your if addressing an authority figure, always capitalised).

Definite article

This table gives endings for the definite article, equivalent to English the.

Definite article (strong)

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	der	die	das	die
Accusative	den	die	das	die
Dative	dem	der	dem	den
Genitive	des	der	des	der

The so-called "der words" (Der-Wort) take similar endings. Examples are demonstrative pronouns (dies-, jen-) (this, that), the relative pronoun (welch-) (which), jed- (every), manch- (many), solch- (such).

Definite article-like endings (strong)

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	-er	-e	-es	-e
Accusative	-en	-e	-es	-e
Dative	-em	-er	-em	-en
Genitive	-es	-er	-es	-er

• This is essentially the same as the indefinite article table, but with the masculine nominative -er, and the neuter nominative and accusative -es.

"Possessive article-like" pronouns

Under some circumstances (e.g. in a relative clause) the regular possessive pronouns are "replaced" by the genitive forms of other pronouns. English equivalents could be, "The king, whose army Napoleon had defeated..." or "The Himalayas, the highest parts of which were as yet unsurveyed...". They agree in number and gender with the possessor. Unlike other pronouns they carry no strength. Any adjective following them in the phrase will carry the strong endings.

Definite possessive [of the] (mixed) — i.e. the genitive of the demonstrative pronoun der:

• Masculine/Neuter: dessen
• Feminine/Plural: deren

Interrogative possessive [of what] (mixed) – i.e. the genitive of the interrogative pronoun wer:

• Masculine/Feminine/Neuter/Plural: wessen

NOT: Die Soldaten dessen Armee (correct: Die Soldaten dieser Armee)

Dative and genitive cases

German articles and pronouns in the genitive and dative cases directly indicate the actions of owning and giving without needing additional words (indeed, this is their function), which can make German sentences appear confusing to English-speaking learners. The gender matches the receiver's gender (not the object's gender) for the dative case, and the owner's gender for the genitive.

• Dative: Ich gebe die Karten dem Mann – I give the cards to the man.
• Genitive: Die Entwicklung unseres Dorfes – The growth of our village.

For further details as to the usage of German cases, see German grammar.