Draft:Vegan diet

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  • Comment: I recommend that this draft be discussed to consider whether it can be improved and resubmitted as a stand-alone draft. Robert McClenon (talk) 06:37, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
  • Comment: Per comment, the article for vegan diet already exist in Veganism and Plant-based diet. This material was largely copied from those two articles so to avoid duplication, I'm rejecting this. Consider adding the additional information you have to those articles and make sure it is supported by WP:RS. zoglophie•talk• 14:36, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
Why should Veganism focus so much on diet if veganism isn't a diet? I think a lot of the information from that page can be moved to this one. Countryboy603 (talk) 15:28, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
Veganism isn't a diet, but plant-based diets are a dominant feature of veganism. I think the better bet is for you to add to the Veganism article new information. signed, Willondon (talk) 15:45, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

copied content from Veganism and Plant-based diet; see those page's histories for attribution

Not to be confused with Veganism.
Soy milk is heavily consumed by many on the vegan diet.

The vegan diet, also known as strict vegetarianism, is a plant-based diet in which animal source foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy are avoided. The vegan diet is associated with animal rights, environmentalism, and health benefits.

History[edit]

The idea of a diet that excludes animal source foods can be traced to the Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent,.[1][2][3] particularly in northern and western ancient India.[4] Early followers of the vegan diet included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha, Mahavira, Acharya Kundakunda, Umaswati, Samantabhadra, and Valluvar; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka; Greek philosophers such as Empedocles, Theophrastus, Plutarch, Plotinus, and Porphyry, Roman poet Ovid, and playwright Seneca the Younger.[5] There is also evidence suggesting that Greek sage Pythagoras,[6][7] Arab poet al-Maʿarri,[8] British poet Percy Bysshe Shelley,[9] Sylvester Graham,[10] Amos Bronson Alcott (father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott),[11] William Alcott,[12] James Pierrepont Greaves,[13] and London physician William Lambe[14] advocated such a diet.

The diet established itself as a significant part of the vegan movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States.[15] A minority of vegetarians avoided animal source foods entirely.[16]

Diet[edit]

People following a vegan diet avoid animal source foods, such as meat, dairy, eggs, honey, and seafood.

A vegan diet can make exceptions for breastmilk,[17], human placentas,[18] or human semen[19]

Health concerns[edit]

Not all plant-based foods are equally healthy. Rather, well-planned vegan diets including whole grains as the main form of carbohydrate, unsaturated fats as the main form of dietary fat, an abundance of fruit and vegetables, adequate n-3 fatty acids, and fortified foods or dietary supplements can be considered healthy.[20][21][22]

Health benefits[edit]

Well-planned vegan diets including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts are associated with a lower risk of diabetes,[23]a decreased risk of colorectal and prostate cancer,[24][25][26]reduced risk of CVD and Ischemic Heart Disease,[27], a decreased risk of all-cause mortality,[28], improvement of the gut microbiome,[29][30], and a moderate positive effect on aerobic performance.[31]

Sustainability[edit]

Vegan diets offer lower greenhouse gas emissions, land use and biodiversity loss. In addition, dietary patterns that reduce diet-related mortality also promote environmental sustainability.[32][33][34]

Animal welfare[edit]

Many follow the vegan diet on the premise that the meat, dairy, and egg industries causes animal suffering and premature death.

In egg production, most male chicks are culled because they do not lay eggs.[35] Egg laying hens also suffer from keel bone fractures due to being bred to produce disproportionately large eggs, with the largest study of its kind showing that 85% of Danish egg laying hens suffer from keel bone fractures.[36] One of the best ways to protect hens from nutrient deficiencies and health problems is to feed their eggs back to them.[37]

To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered. Female calves can be separated from their mothers within 24 hours of birth, and fed milk replacer to retain the cow's milk for human consumption. Most male calves are slaughtered at birth, sent for veal production, or reared for beef.[38][39] Dairy goats have been bred to produce milk in such a high yield that they are often nutritionally deficient and resort to self-suckling.[40]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bajpai, Shiva (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8.
  2. ^ Spencer, Colin (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. ISBN 978-0-87451-760-6.
  3. ^ Tähtinen, Unto (1976). Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition. London: [1976], Rider and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-123340-2.
  4. ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
  5. ^ Dombrowski, Daniel A. (January 1984). "Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 141–143. doi:10.2307/2709335. JSTOR 2709335. PMID 11611354.

    Daniel A. Dombrowski, The Philosophy of Vegetarianism, University of Massachusetts Press, 1984, 2.

  6. ^ Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8.
  7. ^ Cornelli, Gabriele; McKirahan, Richard (2013). In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 168. ISBN 978-3-11-030650-7.
  8. ^ Margoliouth, D. S. (15 March 2011). "Art. XI.—Abu'l-'Alā al- Ma'arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 34 (2): 289–332. doi:10.1017/s0035869x0002921x. JSTOR 25208409. S2CID 163229071.
  9. ^ James C. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications ..."

    Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Vindication of Natural Diet, London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, Water and Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].

  10. ^ Andrew F. Smith, Eating History, New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 29–35 (33 for popularity); Whorton 2014, 38ff.
  11. ^ Hart 1995, 14; Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, 2010.
  12. ^ William A. Alcott, Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1838; Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1851.
  13. ^ J. E. M. Latham, Search for a New Eden, Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999, 168.
  14. ^ Lambe 1854, 55, 94.
  15. ^ James Gregory, Of Victorians and Vegetarians, I. B. Tauris, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84511-379-7
  16. ^ James C. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications ..."

    Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Vindication of Natural Diet, London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, Water and Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].

  17. ^ Sabrina Barr (1 November 2021). "Phillip Schofield baffled as woman breastfeeds vegan fiancé: 'Do humans not count?'". Metro. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  18. ^ sisyphus (1 June 2016). "Are animal and human placentas vegetarian?". The Daily Enlightenment. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  19. ^ Miranda Larbi (14 March 2018). "Is semen vegan?". Metro. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  20. ^ Williams, Kim Allan; Patel, Hena (25 July 2017). "Healthy Plant-Based Diet: What Does it Really Mean?". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 70 (4): 423–425. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.006. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 28728685.
  21. ^ Hannibal, L; Lysne, V; Bjørke-Monsen, A. L.; Behringer, S; Grünert, S. C.; Spiekerkoetter, U; Jacobsen, D. W.; Blom, H. J. (2016). "Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 3: 27. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027. PMC 4921487. PMID 27446930.
  22. ^ Gille, D; Schmid, A (February 2015). "Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products". Nutrition Reviews (Review). 73 (2): 106–15. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuu011. PMID 26024497.
  23. ^ Qian F, Liu G, Hu FB, Bhupathiraju SN, Sun Q (October 2019). "Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 179 (10): 1335–1344. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2195. PMC 6646993. PMID 31329220.
  24. ^ Godos J, Bella F, Sciacca S, Galvano F, Grosso G (June 2017). "Vegetarianism and breast, colorectal and prostate cancer risk: an overview and meta-analysis of cohort studies". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 30 (3): 349–359. doi:10.1111/jhn.12426. PMID 27709695. S2CID 4331025.
  25. ^ Gupta N, Taylor J, Borin J, Jacobsohn K, Kenfield S, Eggener S, et al. (1 May 2022). "Systematic review of the impact of a plant-based diet on prostate cancer incidence and outcomes". Journal of Urology. 207 (Supplement 5): e42. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000002518.04. S2CID 248030075.
  26. ^ Shin J, Millstine D, Ruddy B, Wallace M, Fields H. (2019). "Effect of Plant- and Animal-Based Foods on Prostate Cancer Risk" (PDF). Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 119 (11): 736–746. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2019.123. PMID 31633743. S2CID 204814110.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Dybvik, Jarle Sæby; Svendsen, Mette; Aune, Dagfinn (27 August 2022). "Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". European Journal of Nutrition. 62 (1): 51–69. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02942-8. ISSN 1436-6215. PMC 9899747. PMID 36030329. S2CID 251866952.
  28. ^ Boushey, Carol; Ard, Jamy; Bazzano, Lydia; et al. (2020). Dietary Patterns and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review. USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Reviews. USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review. doi:10.52570/NESR.DGAC2020.SR0108. PMID 35258870. S2CID 236333620.
  29. ^ Tomova A, Bukovsky I, Rembert E, Yonas W, Alwarith J, Barnard ND, Kahleova H (2019). "The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Gut Microbiota". Frontiers in Nutrition. 6: 47. doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00047. PMC 6478664. PMID 31058160.
  30. ^ Tindall AM, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM (September 2018). "Dietary Patterns Affect the Gut Microbiome-The Link to Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases". The Journal of Nutrition. 148 (9): 1402–1407. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy141. PMC 7263841. PMID 30184227.
  31. ^ Damasceno, Yancka Oliveira; Leitão, Cauã V. F. S.; de Oliveira, Gabriel Moraes; Andrade, Fernando Augusto Barcelos; Pereira, André B.; Viza, Rodrigo S.; Correia, Renata C.; Campos, Helton O.; Drummond, Lucas R.; Leite, Laura H. R.; Coimbra, Cândido C. (2023-10-23). "Plant-based diets benefit aerobic performance and do not compromise strength/power performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of Nutrition: 1–12. doi:10.1017/S0007114523002258. ISSN 1475-2662. PMID 37869973.
  32. ^ Poore J, Nemecek T (June 2018). "Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers". Science. 360 (6392): 987–992. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..987P. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0216. PMID 29853680.
  33. ^ Carey, Cassandra N.; Paquette, Melanie; Sahye-Pudaruth, Sandhya; Dadvar, Abolfazl; Dinh, Dorothy; Khodabandehlou, Khosrow; Liang, Fred; Mishra, Ekta; Sidhu, Mandeep; Brown, Ramon; Tandon, Shilpa; Wanyan, Jessica; Bazinet, Richard P.; Hanley, Anthony J.; Malik, Vasanti (2023-02-06). "The Environmental Sustainability of Plant-Based Dietary Patterns: A Scoping Review". The Journal of Nutrition. 153 (3): S0022–3166(23)06589–6. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.001. ISSN 1541-6100. PMID 36809853. S2CID 256652205.
  34. ^ Hedenus, Fredrik; Wirsenius, Stefan; Johansson, Daniel J. A. (2014). "The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets". Climatic Change. 124 (1–2): 79–91. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5.
  35. ^ Aerts, S.; Boonen, R.; Bruggeman, V.; De Tavernier, J.; Decuypere, E. (2009). "Culling of day-old chicks: opening the debates of Moria". In Millar, Kate; West, Pru Hobson; Nerlich, Brigitte (eds.). Ethical futures: bioscience and food horizons: Bioscience and Food Horizons: EurSafe 2009, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 2–4 July 2009. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 117–122. ISBN 978-90-8686-115-6.
  36. ^ "Painful fractures: Large eggs push small hens to the breaking point, study finds". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  37. ^ Gillespie, K. (2021-12-01). "For multispecies autoethnography". Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. 5 (4): 2106. doi:10.1177/25148486211052872. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  38. ^ Lori Gruen, Ethics and Animals, Cambridge University Press, 2011, 85–86.
  39. ^ Erik Marcus, Veganism: The New Ethics of Eating, McBooks Press, 2000, 128–129.
  40. ^ Martínez-de la Puente, Josué; Moreno-Indias, Isabel; Morales-delaNuez, Antonio; Dolores Ruiz-Diaz, Maria; Enrique Hernández-Castellano, Lorenzo; Castro, Noemí; Arguello, A. (2011-03-08). "Effects of feeding management and time of day on the occurrence of self-suckling in dairy goats". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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Notes[edit]

References[edit]

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