Draft:Republican universalism
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Republican universalism is the principle that the Republic and its values are universal.
It is based on the principles of Enlightenment philosophy, according to which all human beings are equally endowed with natural rights and intellect, as well as on a vision of the nation as a political and civic construct rather than a specific ethnic community, and on the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity, which form the motto of the French Republic (article 2 of the 1958 Constitution).
This principle is closely linked to other fundamental ideas in French politics, such as the indivisibility of the Republic, the unitary state and secularism.[citation needed] Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire Republican universalism has profoundly influenced the policies of successive French governments, albeit with serious limitations in its application, both in the past and today.
It is also the target of much criticism from other philosophical, social or political visions, such as ethnic nationalism or certain variants of cultural nationalism, or cultural relativism, regionalism or multiculturalism, which conversely criticize the concept of republican universalism for its emphasis on integration through cultural assimilation and political centralization.
Theoretical foundations[edit]
A conception of the nation as a political construct[edit]
According to Rafaël Amselem, the universalist project cannot emancipate itself from the idea of the nation. In his view, the nation is not a barrier, but a space for the concrete realization of an ideal. What's more, in his view, the universalist project invites us all to turn away from our navel-gazing, and open up to common principles that bring us together. Freedom cannot be exercised alone, it must be shared within a collective model[1].
Since the aim of the French nation is to establish the universal as a primordial value, our status as citizens brings us back to our condition as human beings, concerned with the human in general, and who must be scandalized by the inability of their fellow human beings to exercise their rights because of their skin color, ethnicity or religion[1].
History[edit]
Republican universalism was established by the French Revolution, which opposed the particularisms and privileges of the Ancien Régime and aimed to unify the country and condemn particularisms. Napoleon Bonaparte's Civil Code abolished specific legislation[2].
Republican universalism was used by the Third Republic to establish an egalitarian regime aimed at "integrating all citizens into a single nation". Public education became compulsory, and secularism and the neutrality of the State were established[2].
- ^ a b Amselem, Rafaël (2020-06-19). "«Le projet universaliste n'est pas dissociable du cadre national»". LEFIGARO VOX, tribune (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
- ^ a b "Fiche notion - Universalisme républicain" (PDF). Canopé (réseau)..