Draft:Inscription Stones of Bengaluru

Inscription Stones of Bengaluru

The Inscription Stones of Bengaluru comprise over 1,500 historical stone inscriptions found throughout the Bengaluru region, Karnataka, India. Spanning a period of more than 1,500 years, these inscriptions detail the political, social, religious, and economic aspects of the region's past, making them key sources for tracing Bengaluru's transformation from a modest settlement to a bustling metropolis. Within the limits of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, approximately 175 stone inscriptions have been documented in various publications. These inscriptions, offer a unique perspective on the city's historical landscape. The collective presentation of these names, either as a word cloud or marked pictorially on a colour-coded map, provides a visually engaging representation of the city's antiquity.

The 750CE Hebbal-Kittayya veeragalu with inscription. PC: Wikimedia Commons

Types of Inscriptions in Bengaluru:

• Veeragallus with inscriptions

These are hero stones erected to commemorate fallen warriors, often depicting the heroes in battle scenes. Many veeragallus in Bengaluru some dating back to the 9th and 10th centuries, offer glimpses into the martial traditions of the region.

Examples : Veeragallus at T.Dasarahalli, Hebbal, Begur and Kaikondrahalli

• Grants and Donations

These inscriptions record land grants, gifts to temples, and other acts of charity. They provide information about land ownership, social hierarchies, and economic activity.

Examples: Inscriptions at Jakkur, Allalasandra and Kethamaranahalli.

Jakkur 1342CE Honnamarayanayka's Donation InscriptionPC: Wikimedia Commons

• Temple Inscriptions

These inscribe details about temple construction, dedications, and rituals. They reveal the history and significance of various temples in Bengaluru, shedding light on religious practices and beliefs.

16th Century Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple Inscription. PC: Wikimedia Commons

Examples: Inscriptions at Malleshwaram, Domlur, Madivala, Begur. Belur and Vibhutipura.

• Royal Decrees and Orders

These pronouncements by rulers and officials offer insights into administrative practices, legal systems, and political events.

Examples: Inscriptions at Domlur, Madivala, Kumbarahalli and Begur

• Nisidhi Inscriptions

These are Jaina religious inscriptions erected in remembrance of Jaina people who voluntarily led themselves to death by a ritual called Sallekhana.

Example: Begur and Kalya

The Kalya 14th-century Mukkode Jina Shloka InscriptionPC: Wikimedia Commons

• Construction

These are inscriptions that document the building of Lakes, Santhes (Markets), Temples, Villages etc.

Examples: Ramasandra, Hoodi and Begur.

Ramasandra 1340CE Cheneyanayaka's Lake Building Inscription (Front Side).PC: Wikimedia Commons

Ramasandra 1340CE Cheneyanayaka's Lake Building Inscription (Back Side). PC: Wikimedia Commons

Languages and Scripts Used in Bengaluru Inscriptions

Bengaluru's inscription are mostly Kannada Inscriptions and Tamil Inscriptions with a few inscriptions in Telugu, Persian and Sanskrit languages. The script used for these being Kannada, Grantha, Tamil, Devanagari and Persian scripts of the time.

Publications Documenting Bengaluru Inscriptions

The Inscription Stones of Bengaluru have been documented in a variety of publications throughout history, providing researchers and enthusiasts with access to these valuable historical resources. Here are some of the key resources:

Epigraphia Carnatica

This series, published by the Mysore Archaeological Department and later the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Karnataka, is the most comprehensive source of inscription information in Karnataka. Its ninth volume, published in 1905, specifically focuses on Bangalore District and covers almost 1500 inscriptions from the region.

Annual Report of Mysore Archaeology Department: These annual reports, dating back to the late 19th century, often documented new inscription discoveries in Bengaluru and surrounding areas, providing details about inscription locations, content, and historical context.

South Indian Inscriptions

This series, published by the Archaeological Survey of India, includes several volumes dedicated to inscriptions from Karnataka, with some containing references to inscriptions found in Bengaluru.

The Indian Antiquary

This pioneering journal of Oriental research, published from 1872 to 1916, featured numerous articles and translations of inscriptions from Bengaluru, offering valuable insights into early interpretations and discoveries.

Local Journals and Articles

Numerous local journals and research articles have featured studies and translations of specific Bengaluru inscriptions, offering in-depth analysis and interpretations. Notably, publications like Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Itihasa Darshana, and Itihasa Darpana, Sadhane, Karnataka Lochana, Kannada Sahitya parishatpatrike, Manavika Karnataka, Unpublished PhD Thesis have made significant contributions to documenting and understanding these historical records.

Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project

The Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project is an initiative undertaken by the Mythic Society in Bengaluru, aiming to preserve the city's rich history through 3D digitalization of over 1500 ancient stone inscriptions spread across Bengaluru Urban, Bengaluru Rural and Ramanagara districts.

Importance and Preservation:

The Inscription Stones of Bengaluru are significant for several reasons:

• They fill gaps in the historical record: Many events and personalities not mentioned in traditional histories are documented in these inscriptions, enriching our understanding of the past.
• They illuminate cultural and social life: The inscriptions provide details about everyday life, including social customs, economic practices, and artistic expressions.
• They showcase diverse languages and scripts: The stones are inscribed in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit, and even Persian, reflecting the multilingual and multicultural heritage of the region.

However, these valuable relics face several threats:

• Urban development: Rapid urbanization has led to the destruction or damage of many inscription stones.
• Neglect and vandalism: Lack of awareness and protection often renders these stones vulnerable to neglect and vandalism.
• Weather and natural factors: Weathering and natural disasters can also erode and damage the inscriptions.

Efforts for Protection and Awareness:

The Inscription Stones of Bengaluru (ISB), a citizen-led initiative, is dedicated to protecting and promoting these historical treasures. Their efforts include:

• Documentation and mapping: Creating a comprehensive database of inscription locations, photographs, and translations.

• Advocacy and outreach: Raising awareness about the importance of these stones and advocating for their preservation.

Several methods that can be adopted for advocacy and outreach include:

a) On-site Visits:

1. Conducting independent visits to specific locations.
2. Effectively communicating the cultural and historical significance to local residents.
3. Highlighting the need to protect inscriptions to ensure the preservation of Bengaluru's history.

b) Public Involvement:

1. Hosting workshops open to the public, enabling active participation in activities related to inscription preservation.
2. Organizing events that celebrate the cultural significance of inscriptions.
3. Communicating the cultural and historical importance of the inscriptions to local residents.
4. Through interactive sessions and immersive experiences, the aim is to cultivate a deeper connection between local residents and the inscriptions, encouraging active involvement in their protection.

c) Educational Initiatives:

1. Collaborating with colleges and educational institutions to integrate the study of Inscription Stones.
2. Developing workshops, lectures, and educational materials to enhance understanding and appreciation among students and educators, ensuring the preservation message is passed on to future generations.
3. Organizing internships to provide valuable opportunities for interested individuals and students.

• Collaboration with authorities: Working with government agencies and archaeological departments to ensure proper protection and conservation.
• Media Attraction and Coverage: It serves as a crucial tool in raising public awareness about the inscription stones, reaching a broader audience and fostering a sense of collective responsibility for their safeguarding. The stories in newspapers, magazines, and online platforms help start conversations about our cultural heritage, inspiring people to actively join in and support.

Regional Inscription Stones of Bengaluru

The inscription stones spread across various neighborhoods in the city of Bengaluru narrate historical stories and highlight specific localities by providing a distinctive viewpoint into the city's past. These inscription stones are vital for understanding Bengaluru's regional histories by playing a significant role in shaping the city's identity.

Here are a few inscriptions that serve as examples, highlighting the historical importance of specific places:

Hebbal

The Hebbal Kittayya Inscription stands as one of the oldest intact Kannada inscriptions in the city of Bengaluru. It predates the earliest available literary work in Kannada, Kavirajamarga, by approximately 100 years, providing insights into the form and style of characters that the author of this renowned literary work would have employed. The inscription stone was rediscovered on May 1, 2018, in Hebbal. The inscription is on an Ooralivu Veeragallu, erected in honor of Hebbal native Kittayya. Uralivu Veeragallus are memorial stones dedicated to individuals who sacrificed their lives defending their towns from attacks. The inscription stone mentions the name Perbboḷalnāḍu, which coincides with today's Hebbal.

Domlur

It has been referenced by various names such as Tombalur, Dombalur, and Desi Manicka Patanam in inscriptions. With the exception of one, all the inscriptions are situated in the vicinity of the Chokkanathaswamy Temple. The earliest mention of Domlur is found in the 13th-century CE Tamil inscription of Tripurantaka Perumal Enbe Devar at the Chokkanathaswamy Temple, where it appears as Tombalur. This provides historical evidence of Domlur's existence dating back to at least the 13th century.

Malleshwaram

It was previously known as Mallapura, as evidenced by the inscriptions, and has existed since at least 1669 CE. The name Mallapura has since changed to Malleshwaram over the years. Two inscriptions have been documented in Malleshwaram: Ekoji's Mallapura Mallikarjuna temple Donation inscription, while the other is Jakkarayana Kere, documented in Epigraphia Carnatica Volume 9.

Jakkur

It stands as a historic locality in Bengaluru, substantiated by four inscriptions and hero stones discovered within its vicinity. These inscriptions collectively attest to Jakkur's age, dating back at least 700 years. However, another inscription within Jakkur suggests an even more venerable history, tracing its origins to the 9th-10th century. Notably, it also records the existence of Jakkur Lake, recognized as one of Bangalore's largest lakes, as far back as seven centuries ago.

Chikkabanavara

It is an old neighborhood with a rich history, as evidenced by the discovery of inscriptions in the area. The presence of an ancient Kalyani (a step well) and several old temples further confirm its historical significance. Additionally, Chikkabanavara is home to one of Bengaluru's ancient lakes, believed to be over a thousand years old based on references found in inscriptions.

Allalasandra

It is a historic locality in North Bengaluru adjoining the Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra (GKVK) campus on Bellary Road. Of the four inscriptions, only two are traceable today. From these inscriptions, it is possible to learn that the Allalasandra village and lake are at least 500 years old, and that there were many people migrating to the area even then. One of the inscriptions mention the donation of the entire village of Allalasandra to the Allalanatha temple at Jakkur.

The Varadarajaswamy Temple in Singapura

The Varadarajaswamy Temple in Singapura is at least 500 years old, as revealed in the Harohalli and Chikkabettahalli inscriptions related to the temple. The temple was referred to as the Tiruvengalanatha temple in the inscriptions. The inscriptions also mention a grant given to Ramanuja Koota, a religious institution of Sri Vaishnavites, which flourished at the temple.

/*T Dasarahalli

Yalahanka

Dodda Togur

Begur

NAL Belur

Ramasandra/Kengeri */

Inscription Stones of Bangalore - Google Map (English). PC: Wikimedia Commons

The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru Google Map

The 'Inscription Stones of Bengaluru' Google Map, initiated as a citizen project in 2018 and now actively developed by the Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Team, is a comprehensive online resource documenting nearly 1,500 inscriptions. This map is accessible to everyone with online access through a computer or smartphone and serves as a centralized repository of information, consolidating data from various sources. With features such as a search option, color-coded periods, and detailed information on each inscription, the map plays a crucial role in promoting public engagement with Bengaluru's epigraphic heritage.

Inscriptions documented in the Epigraphia Carnatica Vol 9 and its Supplement, as well as those mentioned in the Mysore Archeological Reports, QJMS, Itihasa Darshana, Itihasa Darpana, Karnataka Lochana, Sadahane, newspaper articles, social media, etc., have all been compiled and marked on the map. Moreover, the map undergoes continuous updates to incorporate additional information and reflect any changes or recent discoveries.

The Features of the map

Inscription Stones of Bangalore - Google Map (Kannada). PC: Wikimedia Commons

The map includes a search option that allows users to find information such as individuals' names, place names, references to lakes, taxes, temples, and other related content within the inscriptions' text.

The map represents various icons to represent Inscriptions:

• Green Heart: which represents that the inscription stone is present at the site
• Red Skull: The Inscription is no longer traceable or might have been vandalized
• Question Mark: The current status of the inscription is not known

By clicking on the icons on the map, explanation of the information that can be obtained such as

• The Inscription date
• The present status of the inscription which also refers to the physical condition of the inscription, it also includes whether the inscription is intact or damaged
• The English translation of the inscription is also given which provides a readable and understandable version of the text in English.
• The English Transliteration which provides the text of the inscription in the IAST format
• The Kannada transliteration of the inscription is also given which provides a representation of the inscription's text in the Kannada alphabet.
• The documentation source plays a very important role which refers to the publication or record in which the inscription was first documented
• The rereading of the inscription is also given which is done by the team

The map uses a color-coding scheme to represent the different periods from which the inscriptions originate.

This allows users to quickly identify the age of each inscription and gain a general understanding of the chronological distribution of inscriptions across Bengaluru. In addition to the color-coding scheme, the map also includes labels that provide more specific information about the dating of each inscription. The color scheme is as follows:

• Brown: 500-700CE
• Purple: 700-800CE
• Dark Violet: 800-900CE
• Light Violet: 900-1000CE
• Blue: 1000-1100CE
• Green: 11001200CE
• Yellow: 1200-1300CE
• Orange: 1300-1400CE
• Lavender: 1400-1500CE
• Pink: 1500-1600CE

The use of color and labels on the map makes it a valuable tool for visualizing and understanding the chronology of Bengaluru's epigraphic heritage.

This information can be used to identify patterns and trends in inscription distribution, track the evolution of epigraphic styles, and gain insights into the historical development of the city.

The role of GIS in Visualizing and Analyzing Epigraphic Heritage:

Geographical Information System (GIS) technology has revolutionized the way we visualize and analyze spatial data, providing powerful tools for understanding patterns and relationships across landscapes. In the context of epigraphic heritage, GIS plays a crucial role in mapping inscriptions, revealing insights into historical development, cultural diffusion, and societal dynamics.

By mapping the inscriptions' locations, researchers and enthusiasts can gain a broader understanding of the spatial dynamics of Bengaluru's epigraphic heritage. The areas can be easily identified with a

• Concentrating of inscriptions
• Examining patterns of inscription distributed over the time
• Exploring the relationship between inscriptions and other historical landmarks.

a)The first step in utilizing GIS for epigraphic analysis is to accurately map the locations of inscriptions. By pointing the co-ordinates of each inscription, researchers and enthusiasts create a spatial database that serves as the foundation for further analysis. This mapped data provides a visual representation of the distribution of inscriptions across a region, allowing for the identification of patterns and trends.

b)GIS technology also enables the analysis of inscriptions' distribution patterns over time. By assigning dates to inscriptions, researchers can create chronological maps that show how the distribution of inscriptions has changed over the centuries.

c)By overlaying inscription locations with data on ancient settlements, temples, or fortifications, researchers can identify correlations between inscription distribution and other aspects of historical development.

d)One of the key insights that can be gained from mapping inscription locations is the identification of areas with a concentration of inscriptions also by studying the characteristics of these inscription, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the historical dynamics of the region.

How the Google Map is helpful for the study?

• The map serves as a centralized repository of information about Bengaluru's inscriptions, consolidating data from various sources and making it easily accessible to researchers and enthusiasts alike.

• Users can easily browse through the map, zoom in on specific inscriptions, and access detailed information about their dates, locations, translations, and historical contexts.

• The map has played a crucial role in promoting public engagement with Bengaluru's epigraphic heritage. Its user-friendly interface and comprehensive information make it accessible to a broader audience, including students, enthusiasts, and the general public.
• By providing interactive features and educational resources, the map enhances learning opportunities and encourages active participation in the study of epigraphy.

This could possibly be the first instance in India where an online map containing 1500 inscriptions of a significantly large region has been developed.

Similar online maps containing information about inscriptions throughout the entire country will enable a more comprehensive and profound understanding of these inscriptions and, consequently, history.

The map has been viewed more than 328,702 times, not only by historians but also by the general public. Anyone with online access via a computer or smartphone can utilize the map to gain insights into the inscriptions of the Bengaluru region.

This online map, titled "Inscription Stones of Bengaluru on Google Maps," was initially developed as a citizen initiative and is currently undergoing further enhancement and development by the Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Team.

The Google map was started as a citizen initiative (led by our Project Director) in 2018 and is now actively further developed by the Mythic Society- Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D digital team.

The Inscription Stones of Bengaluru stand as silent witnesses to the city's rich history. By understanding and protecting them, we can bridge the gap between past and present, ensuring that the voices of generations gone by continue to echo through the bustling streets of Bengaluru.

Further Reading

• Inscription Stones of Bangalore | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/inscriptionstones/
• The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru: https://www.google.com/mymaps/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&hl=en_US
• Explore B'luru's inscriptions with digital aid: https://starofmysore.com/study-of-epigraphy-an-appeal-to-government-of-india/
• Rerecording history, Bengaluru's Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project helps preserve millenia-old stone inscriptions: https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/rerecording-history-bengaluru-based-inscriptions-3d-digital-conservation-project-helps-preserve-millenia-old-stone-inscriptions/article38445335.ece

See also

• List of heritage buildings in Bangalore
• History of Bangalore
• Karnataka Archaeology Department