Anne Lawrence

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Anne Alexandra Lawrence
Born (1950-11-17) 17 November 1950 (age 73)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materWashington School of Professional Psychology, Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota, University of Chicago[1]
Occupation(s)Sexologist, psychologist, anesthesiologist[1]
Known forWork on transsexuals, autogynephilia, erotic target location errors[2][1]
SpouseUnknown (married 1987–1995)[3]
Children2[3]
Websiteannelawrence.com

Anne Alexandra Lawrence (born November 17, 1950) is an American psychologist, sexologist, and physician who has published extensively on gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias.[4][2][1][5] Lawrence is a transgender woman and self-identifies as autogynephilic.[6][5] She is best known for her 2012 book on autogynephilia, Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism, which has been regarded by Ray Blanchard as the definitive text on the subject.[4][6][5] Lawrence is one of the major researchers and most notable proponents of Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women.[7][6][5]

Personal life[edit]

Lawrence attended the University of Chicago from 1967 to 1971, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in chemistry.[1] She subsequently attended the University of Minnesota from 1971 to 1974, where she earned a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.).[1] She completed internship, residency, and fellowship from 1974 to 1977 and was licensed as an anesthesiologist.[1] She practiced in this area from 1978 to 1997, mostly at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington.[1] Lawrence was married from 1987 to 1995 and had two children, a son and a daughter, before separating from her wife in May 1995.[3]

Lawrence is a transgender woman.[5][6][3] She is a proponent of Ray Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and personally self-identifies as autogynephilic.[5][6] She has described having autogynephilic feelings and gender dysphoria from early childhood and began crossdressing at age 8.[5][3] However, she described herself as unremarkably masculine and not feminine as a child.[5] Lawrence came out to her parents as wanting to be a girl when she was age 14 in the 1960s.[5] She was sent to psychotherapy, which she found to be unhelpful.[5] Lawrence discovered Harry Benjamin's The Transsexual Phenomenon (1966) while at the University of Chicago, which was her first exposure to the concept of transgenderism.[5] However, she could not relate well to Benjamin's writings, as Benjamin's descriptions of transgender women as being highly feminine and androphilic did not match her own presentation.[5] In any case, Lawrence privately continued to crossdress and she self-administered estrogen off and on starting at age 18 and throughout her adulthood.[5][3] She also seriously considered attempting self-castration, but ultimately did not go through with this.[5] Lawrence suppressed her transgender feelings for decades as she found nothing that spoke to her own experience and due to fears of societal prejudice towards transgender people like herself.[5][3]

In 1994, Lawrence discovered Ray Blanchard's work on autogynephilia and transgenderism and described this experience as an epiphany for her.[8][5][9] She has said that Blanchard's writings gave her the insight and courage to undergo transition.[5] Lawrence started transitioning in mid-1994, when she was age 44, and continued through 1996.[5][9][3][10] She saw Marsha C. Botzer at the Ingersoll Gender Center in Seattle for psychotherapy and was diagnosed in early 1995.[9][3] She underwent vaginoplasty with Toby Meltzer in 1996.[10] Following transition, Lawrence pivoted her career from anesthesiology to transgender health.[1][11] From 1997 to 2001, Lawrence attended the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality and earned a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in sexology.[1] Then, from 2003 to 2006, she attended the Washington School of Professional Psychology and earned a Master of Arts (M.A.) in clinical psychology.[1] Starting in 1996, Lawrence published extensively in the areas of gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias, both in academic journals and on her personal website, Transsexual Women's Resources.[2][1][12][5][13][14] From 2000 to 2015, she maintained a private practice in transgender medicine and psychotherapy.[1][15] From 2008 until at least 2014, she was an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada.[1]

Lawrence was involved in the controversy surrounding J. Michael Bailey's 2003 book The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism, which has been chronicled by historian and bioethicist Alice Dreger.[7][9] Lawrence defended Bailey and Blanchard's typology and has described feeling alienated and traumatized by the transgender community following the extreme backlash against the book.[7][5]

Lawrence retired from practice in 2015.[16] She was last published in 2018.[2][17][18] However, in 2023, Lawrence debuted a new version of her website and stated that she is working on a new research project of autogynephilia narratives.[19] She resides in Seattle, Washington with her two cats.[4]

Work[edit]

Lawrence is a proponent of Ray Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and self-identifies as an autogynephilic transgender woman.[6][20] Along with Ray Blanchard and J. Michael Bailey, she is one of the foremost experts on Blanchard's typology (also sometimes referred to as the "Blanchard–Bailey–Lawrence" typology) and on autogynephilia particularly.[6][7] Lawrence has proposed that autogynephilia is not only sexual in nature, but also encompasses elements of romantic love.[21][22] She has written a 2013 book on autogynephilia called Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism.[6] This book includes over 300 first-person narratives of autogynephilia by transgender women and non-transgender males that were submitted to and collected by Lawrence via her website.[6] Lawrence has stated that all her life she had an absence of narratives that gave meaning to her own experience and this was her motivation for writing the book.[5] Besides her book, Lawrence has published numerous literature reviews on autogynephilia and Blanchard's typology,[23][24][25][26][27][18] other erotic target location errors and paraphilias,[28][29][30] and gender dysphoria and transgenderism.[31][32][17] She has additionally published multiple clinical studies on transgender women and transition.[33][34][35][36]

Lawrence has been a member of the American Medical Association and the International Academy of Sex Research and has served on the board of directors of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.[23] She was a member of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA) (now the World Professional Association for Transgender Health or WPATH) since 1995.[37] Lawrence was a consultant for the fifth version (1998), a coauthor of the sixth version (2001), and provided limited recommendations for the seventh version (2012) of the HBIGDA/WPATH Standards of Care for gender dysphoria and transgender people.[37][38][39][40] She was also an author of the 2014 Good Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Adults with Gender Dysphoria by the Royal College of Psychiatrists.[41]

Selected publications[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Anne A. Lawrence (2013). Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism (PDF). Focus on Sexuality Research. Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5182-2. ISBN 978-1-4614-5182-2. OCLC 910979847. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-23.

Papers[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Anne A. Lawrence (January 2014). "Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D., M.A. Curriculum Vitae, January 2014" (PDF). annelawrence.com.
  2. ^ a b c d Anne A. Lawrence (November 2017). "Dr. Anne Lawrence Publications". annelawrence.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anne A. Lawrence (2000). "About My Transition (A Document for My Colleagues)". Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Anne A. Lawrence (December 2023). "About the Author - Anne A. Lawrence MD, PhD On Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Stella O'Malley and Sasha Ayad (18 March 2022). "67 - Pioneers Series: Men Trapped in Men's Bodies, with Anne Lawrence". Gender: A Wider Lens (Podcast). Substack. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anne A. Lawrence (2013). Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism (PDF). Focus on Sexuality Research. Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5182-2. ISBN 978-1-4614-5182-2. OCLC 910979847. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-23.
  7. ^ a b c d Dreger AD (June 2008). "The controversy surrounding "The man who would be queen": a case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age". Arch Sex Behav. 37 (3): 366–421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMC 3170124. PMID 18431641.
  8. ^ Lawrence, Anne (18 August 1999). "Lessons from Autogynephiles: Eroticism, Motivation, and the Standards of Care. Presented at the 16th HBIGDA Symposium, London, UK, August 18, 1999". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024. As you may imagine, I've done a great deal of reading about transsexualism over the past 30 years. But among all the books and papers I've read, one article stands out as having most influenced my thinking about transsexualism. When I first read it in 1994, I experienced a kind of epiphany. This article's initially unpromising title was "Clinical Observations and Systematic Studies of Autogynephilia." It was written by Ray Blanchard, a clinical psychologist at the Clarke Institute in Toronto.
  9. ^ a b c d Joyce, H. (2021). "Sissy Boys and the Woman Inside". Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality. Oneworld Publications. pp. 31–52. ISBN 978-0-86154-050-1. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  10. ^ a b Anne A. Lawrence (1996). "Taking Portlandia's Hand: Sex Reassignment Surgery in Portland". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  11. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1997). "Transitioning in the Professional Workplace: One Woman's Experience". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  12. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1 October 2001). "Anne Lawrence, M.D. -- Presentations and Papers". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  13. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1998). "A Brief History of the Transsexual Women's Resources Web Site". Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  14. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1999). "Transsexual Women's Resources: Medical and Other Resources for Transsexual Women (Male-to-Female)". Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  15. ^ "Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D. -- Practice Information". Archived from the original on 2017-10-20.
  16. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (2016). "Dr. Anne Lawrence Practice Information". annelawrence.com.
  17. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (11 May 2018). "Gender Dysphoria". Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis, Eighth Edition. Wiley. p. 633–668. doi:10.1002/9781394258970.ch17. ISBN 978-1-394-25897-0.
  18. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (2017). "Autogynephilia and the Typology of Male-to-Female Transsexualism: Concepts and Controversies". European Psychologist. 22 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000276. ISSN 1016-9040.
  19. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (December 2023). "Anne A. Lawrence MD, PhD On Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  20. ^ Richard Ekins; Dave King (23 October 2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. SAGE Publications. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-84787-726-0.
  21. ^ Berring, Jesse (11 February 2013). "The Third Gender". Disarming Cupid: Love, Sex and Science. Scientific American. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4668-3384-5.
  22. ^ Lawrence AA (2007). "Becoming what we love: autogynephilic transsexualism conceptualized as an expression of romantic love" (PDF). Perspect. Biol. Med. 50 (4): 506–20. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0050. PMID 17951885. S2CID 31767722. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
  23. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (2004). "Autogynephilia: A Paraphilic Model of Gender Identity Disorder" (PDF). Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy. 8 (1/2): 69–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.656.9256. doi:10.1080/19359705.2004.9962367. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
  24. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2007). "Becoming What We Love: Autogynephilic Transsexualism Conceptualized as an Expression of Romantic Love" (PDF). Perspect. Biol. Med. 50 (4): 506–520. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0050. PMID 17951885. S2CID 31767722. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
  25. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2009). "Transgenderism in nonhomosexual males as a paraphilic phenomenon: implications for case conceptualization and treatment". Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 24 (2): 188–206. doi:10.1080/14681990902937340. ISSN 1468-1994.
  26. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (6 February 2010). "Sexual Orientation versus Age of Onset as Bases for Typologies (Subtypes) for Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents and Adults". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 514–545. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9594-3. ISSN 0004-0002.
  27. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2011). "Autogynephilia: An Underappreciated Paraphilia" (PDF). Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine. 31: 135–148. doi:10.1159/000328921. ISBN 978-3-8055-9825-5. ISSN 1662-2855. PMID 22005209. S2CID 16143265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-12.
  28. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2006). "Clinical and Theoretical Parallels Between Desire for Limb Amputation and Gender Identity Disorder" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (3): 263–278. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9026-6. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 16799838. S2CID 17528273. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-01.
  29. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2009). "Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension" (PDF). Journal of Sex Research. 46 (2–3): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224490902747727. ISSN 0022-4499. JSTOR 20620414. PMID 19308843. S2CID 10105602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-17.
  30. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2017). "Transvestism". In Puri, Basant; Treasaden, Ian (eds.). Forensic Psychiatry: Fundamentals and Clinical Practice (1 ed.). London: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781315380797-48. ISBN 9781315380797.
  31. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (25 January 2008). "Gender Identity Disorders in Adults: Diagnosis and Treatment". Handbook of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders. Wiley. p. 423–456. doi:10.1002/9781118269978.ch14. ISBN 978-0-471-76738-1.
  32. ^ Zucker, Kenneth J.; Lawrence, Anne A.; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P.C. (28 March 2016). "Gender Dysphoria in Adults". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 12 (1): 217–247. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093034. ISSN 1548-5943.
  33. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2003). "Factors Associated with Satisfaction or Regret Following Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (4): 299–315. doi:10.1023/A:1024086814364.
  34. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2005). "Sexuality Before and After Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (2): 147–166. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1793-y. ISSN 0004-0002.
  35. ^ Lawrence, Anne A.; Latty, Elizabeth M.; Chivers, Meredith L.; Bailey, J. Michael (2005). "Measurement of Sexual Arousal in Postoperative Male-to-Female Transsexuals Using Vaginal Photoplethysmography". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z. ISSN 0004-0002.
  36. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2006). "Patient-Reported Complications and Functional Outcomes of Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (6): 717–727. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9104-9. ISSN 0004-0002.
  37. ^ a b Anne A. Lawrence (2001). "Anne Lawrence, M.D. -- Nominee for the HBIGDA Board of Directors, 2001". annelawrence.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  38. ^ Levine, S. B.; Brown, G.; Coleman, E.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Joris Hage, J.; Van Maasdam, J.; Petersen, M.; Pfaefflin, F.; Schaefer, L. C. (June 1998). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders [Fifth Version]". International Journal of Transgenderism. 2 (2). Consultants: Dallas Denny MA, Domineco DiCeglie MD, Wolf Eicher MD, Jamison Green, Richard Green MD, Louis Gooren MD, Donald Laub MD, Anne Lawrence MD, Walter Meyer III MD, C. Christine Wheeler Ph.D
  39. ^ Meyer, W.; Bockting, W. O.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Coleman, E.; DiCeglie, D.; Devor, H.; Gooren, L.; Joris Hage, J.; Kirk, S.; Kuiper, B.; Laub, D.; Lawrence, A.; Menard, Y.; Patton, J.; Schaefer, L.; Webb, A.; Wheeler, C. C. (February 2001). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders – Sixth Version". International Journal of Transgenderism. 5 (1). There was also a 2001/2002 reprint in the Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages 1–30, DOI:10.1300/J056v13n01_01
  40. ^ Zucker, Kenneth J.; Lawrence, Anne A. (12 May 2009). "Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder: Recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health". International Journal of Transgenderism. 11 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1080/15532730902799946. ISSN 1553-2739.
  41. ^ Wylie, Kevan; Barrett, James; Besser, Mike; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Bridgman, Michelle; Clayton, Angela; Green, Richard; Hamilton, Mark; Hines, Melissa; Ivbijaro, Gabriel; Khoosal, Deenesh; Lawrence, Alex; Lenihan, Penny; Loewenthal, Del; Ralph, David; Reed, Terry; Stevens, John; Terry, Tim; Thom, Ben; Thornton, Jane; Walsh, Dominic; Ward, David; Coleman, Eli; Di Ceglie, Domenico; Martin, Emma; McGarry, Philip; Messenger, Andrew; Reid, Russell; Sethi, Su; Sutcliffe, Paul; Wilson, Daniel; Carr, Susan; Davies, Dai; Dean, Tracey; Ellis, Michelle; Ferguson, Brian; Skinner, Darren; Williams, Vicky; Brechin, Susan; Lucey, Jim; Rathbone, Maxine (3 April 2014). "Good Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Adults with Gender Dysphoria". Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 29 (2): 154–214. doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.883353. ISSN 1468-1994.

External links[edit]

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