Royal National Lifeboat Institution lifeboats
Since its inception, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) has provided lifeboats to lifeboat stations in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Once past their operation life, the boats have mostly been sold by the RNLI and purchased for domestic use, marine businesses for usage such as further sea lifesaving functions, diving, fishing and pleasure trips or to maritime lifesaving institutions from other countries to continue a lifesaving role. Some lifeboats of particular historic note have been preserved in museums.
History[edit]
The Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) was founded in March 1824.[1] The RNIPLS provided lifeboats to local committees, the Coastguard and harbour authorities. The Duke of Northumberland financed a competition for a standard design of a lifeboat. The winner was William Plenty, of Newbury, Berkshire. These "pulling boats" (rowing) were between 18 and 26 feet in length and were powered by between 4 and 10 oars. They had cork in their hull and shaped air-cases fore and aft.[2] Their double-ended designs could operate a rudder from either end, so there was no need to turn.
The RNIPLS suffered from lack of funds and poor organization. Following the loss of the RNIPLS lifeboat Providence and 20 of her crew of 24 in the mouth of the river Tyne in December 1849, the need for reorganisation was recognised. Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland, then First Lord of the Admiralty, took control. Richard Lewis was appointed secretary. The RNIPLS was replaced by the RNLI. Plenty's design was retired and a new design was introduced. These were larger, self-righting boats. They had a narrow beam, were 34 or 35 feet long with higher end-boxes containing the air-cases and were tested to self-right when capsized.
Later lifeboats were increased in length and were optionally powered by sail. Motors were introduced in the early 1900s. They had a greater range, facilitating the merging of lifeboat stations. Innovation in the design of lifeboats is continuous.
In 1962 the need for inshore lifeboats (ILB) was recognised. A French design was adopted, this was an inflatable of 16 foot length and a 40 hp engine with a speed of 20 knots and introduced as the D Class. It was faster than conventional lifeboats, at that time, could traverse shallow waters, go alongside persons in the water without harming them, and the running costs were much less than conventional lifeboats. In 1972 a rigid inflatable boat (RIB) was developed at Atlantic College in South Wales and introduced as the B Class Atlantic 21.
Current lifeboats[edit]
The RNLI operated 431 lifeboats in 2022.[3]
Class | In service |
---|---|
Mersey | 11 |
Severn | 41 |
Shannon | 40 |
Tamar | 27 |
Trent | 33 |
A-class IRB | 3 |
B-class ILB | 122 |
D-class ILB | 143 |
E-class ILB | 4 |
H-class hovercaft | 7 |
A number of other craft are also in operation including personal watercraft, boarding boats and Y-class tenders.
The Severn-class are undergoing life extension[4] and the Mersey-class are being replaced by newly-built Shannons.
List of lifeboat classes[edit]
Pulling and sailing lifeboats[edit]
Early lifeboats were powered by oars and most, except a few very early ones had sails.
- Designed by Henry Greathead, the vessel was 30 feet long and designed to be rowed by a crew of 12. It was double-ended and featured ample amounts of cork lining. However, it also had a heavy keel for stability, as well as a long steering oar, and could be rowed in either direction. Greathead's lifeboat eventually came to be used in 10 different countries, and at least one British boat remained in service for 40 years.[5]
- A non-self righting type of lifeboat of various dimensions and various numbers of oars used by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in the early part of the 20th century. Typically they were launched from carriages into the sea.
- Norfolk and Suffold class boats were able to operate further from shore and around the sandbanks common off East Anglia. James Steven No.14 Lifeboat is a surviving example.
- Alfred Corry built Gt Yarmouth 1893. 44 ft Two-masted with oars, non-self righting.[6][7] The James Stephen No.14 was fitted with a engine[8]
- Based on Greathead's design[9]
- Peake
- Rubie
- Richardson tubular
- Watson
Early powered lifeboats[edit]
- Used by the RNLI from the 1930s up to the 1980s. Two types appeared: single screw boat and twin screw boat introduced in 1945 as a more powerful version of the single screwed lifeboats.[10]
- Oakley
- Ramsgate
- Rother - the last timber hulled lifeboat designed for the RNLI.
- Self-righting
- Solent
- Steam (hydro jet)
- Steam (screw propeller)
- Steam tug
- Surf
- Thames
- Watson
Fast and all-weather lifeboats[edit]
The advent of lifeboats with a new hull shape in the 1960s allowed them to exceed 10 kn (19 km/h). They eventually became designated as 'all-weather lifeboats' to differentiate them from the inshore lifeboats that were unable to operate in some storm conditions. The first, the Waveney-class, were adapted from an American design.[11]
Class | Op. No. prefix | Entered service | Total built | Length | Displacement (tonnes) | Speed (knots) | Range (nmi) | Crew | Survivor capacity | Launch method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arun[12] | 52[Note 1] | 1971 | 46 | 16 m (52 ft) | 33 | 18.5 | 250 | 6 | Afloat | |
Brede[12] | 33 | 1981 | 10 | 10 m (33 ft) | 8.6 | 20 | 140 | 4 | 8 | Afloat |
Keith Nelson | 40 | 1968 | 1 | 12 m (40 ft) | Afloat | |||||
Medina[13] | – | 1981 | 3[Note 2] | 11 m (35 ft) | 28 | 4 | ||||
Mersey[14][15] | 12 | 1988 | 38 | 11.6 m (38 ft) | 14 | 17 | 140 | 6 | 43 | Carriage, slipway or afloat |
Severn[14][16] | 17 | 1996 | 46 | 17.3 m (57 ft) | 42 | 25 | 250 | 7 | 124 | Afloat |
Shannon[17] | 13 | 2013 | [Note 3] | 13.6 m (45 ft) | 18 | 25 | 250 | 6 | 79 | Carriage, slipway or afloat |
Tamar[14][18] | 16 | 2005 | 27 | 16.3 m (53 ft) | 32 | 25 | 250 | 7 | 118 | Slipway or afloat |
Trent[14][19] | 14 | 1994 | 38 | 14.3 m (47 ft) | 28 | 25 | 250 | 6 | 73 | Afloat |
Tyne[14][12] | 47 | 1982 | 40 | 14.3 m (47 ft) | 24.4 | 18 | 240 | 6 | 20 | Slipway or afloat |
Waveney[11][12] | 44 | 1964 | 22 | 13.7 m (44.83 ft) | 17 | 15 | 205 | 5 | Afloat |
Inshore lifeboats[edit]
Lifeboats designed for fast response to incidents close to shore.
- A-class
- B-class
- C-class
- D-class
- E-class
- Mark I
- Mark 2
- Mark 3
Dimensions of current lifeboats:
Class | Introduced | Total built | Length | Displacement | Speed | Endurance | Crew | Survivor capacity | Launch method | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B-class Atlantic 85 | 2005– | 8.4m | 1.8 tonnes | 35 knots | 3 hours | 3-4 | 20 | Carriage, davit or floating boathouse | [21] | |
D-class IB1 | 2003– | 5.0m | 400 kg | 25 knots | 3 hours | 2-3 | 5 | Trolley or davit | Varieties of D Class introduced from 1963.[22] | |
E-class Mark 2 | 2012– | 10.5m | 5.9 tonnes | 40 knots | 3 hours | 4 | 20 | Afloat | Used exclusively on the River Thames.[23] | |
E-class Mark 3 | 2019– | 11.05m | 7.78 tonnes | 45 knots | 3 hours | 4 | 20 | Afloat |
Other rescue craft[edit]
- A-class Arancia inshore rescue boat
- H-class hovercraft
- X-class unpowered tender normally found carried on board the Tyne-class and is a station option on Mersey and Shannons.
- XP-class small powered tender normally found carried on board the Trent-class.
- Y-class small powered tender normally found on the Severn and Tamar-class.
Example dimensions:
Class | Introduced | Total built | Length | Displacement | Speed | Range/ Endurance |
Crew | Survivor Capacity | Launch Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H hovercraft | 2002–2009 | 7 | 8.0m | 3.86 tonnes | 30 knots | 3 hours | 2-4 | 6 | From transporter or slipway | [24] |
Arancia | 2009– | 3.9m | 165 kg | 26 knots | 20 nmi | 2 | 5-6 | Trailer or trolley | Additional 25 on lifeguarded beaches since 2001.[25] |
Historic Lifeboat Owners Association[edit]
The Historic Lifeboat Owners Association has been set up for individuals who own, maintain, crew or have a general interest in historic lifeboats. The association is a community whereby people can share knowledge, experience, information and advise on the subject, organizes social events and historic lifeboat rallies.
At the beginning of each summer an ex-lifeboat rally is held at Fowey in Cornwall whereby owners bring their boats and display them to the public; this event is organized by Fowey RNLI and is an opportunity to raise funds for the RNLI. Rallies have also been held in Falmouth, Belfast, Glasgow, Poole and Yarmouth, Isle of Wight.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Some Arun-class lifeboats were 54 feet long so carried Operational Numbers prefixed 54.
- ^ The Medina-class lifeboats were Rigid Inflatable Boat prototypes. The Dutch lifeboat service continued their development and put lifeboats of this design into service.
- ^ Construction of Shannon-class lifeboats is on-going. About 50 boats are planned.
See also[edit]
- List of RNLB lifeboats
- List of RNLI stations
- Lifeboat (rescue) – Rescue craft used to attend a vessel in distress or survivors
- Search and rescue – Search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger
- Air-sea rescue – Coordinated search and rescue of survivors at sea
- Inflatable Rescue Boat – Type of rescue boat
- List of Lifeboat Disasters in the British Isles
- James Stevens lifeboats
- Little Ships of Dunkirk – Private boats that rescued soldiers from Dunkirk in 1940
References[edit]
- ^ Harvey, William (1825). Preservation of Life from Shipwreck. London. p. 54. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
- ^ "Report of the committee appointed to examine the lifeboats submitted to compete for the premium offered by his Grace the Duke of Northumberland". River & Rowing Museum. Retrieved 15 July 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ RNLI Annual Report and Accounts 2022 (Report). RNLI. 2023. p. 9.
- ^ "The magnificent Severn set to save lives for another 25 years | RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ [1] Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ djcragie. "Alfred Corry Lifeboat". Freespace.virgin.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ [2] Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Home Page — Frinton & Walton Heritage Trust". Fwheritage.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ [3] Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Liverpool class lifeboats". Rnli-liverpool.tripod.com. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ a b Leach, Nicholas (1989). The Waveney Lifeboats. Bernard McCall. pp. 15–18. ISBN 1-902953-01-0.
- ^ a b c d Wake-Walker, Edward; Deane, Heather; Purches, Georgette (1989). Lifeboat!. Ian Allan. pp. 38–43. ISBN 0-7110-1835-9.
- ^ Kipling, Ray; Kipling, Susannah (2006). Never Turn Back. Sutton Publishing. pp. 98–99. ISBN 0-7509-4307-6.
- ^ a b c d e Cameron, Ian (2009). Riders of the Storm. Orion Books. pp. 202–218. ISBN 978-0-7528-8344-1.
- ^ "Mersey Class Lifeboat — The RNLI's Lifeboat Fleet — RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ "Severn Class Lifeboat — RNLI All-Weather Lifeboat Fleet". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Shannon Class Lifeboat — the Latest All Weather Lifeboat". rnli.org. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ "Tamar Class Lifeboat — The RNLI's Lifeboat Fleet — RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Trent Class Lifeboat — The RNLI's Lifeboat Fleet — RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "D Class Lifeboat" (PDF). RNLI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "B Class Atlantic Lifeboat — One Of The Fastest RNLI Lifeboats". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "D Class Lifeboat — The Workhorse Of The RNLI for 50 Years". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "E Class Lifeboats — The RNLI Lifeboat Fleet". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Rescue Hovercraft — The RNLI's Lifeboat Fleet — RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "RNLI Lifeboat Fleet — Inshore Rescue Boats". rnli.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
External links[edit]